1. DNA and its Processes  Chapter 12  Material on Midterm

2. The Scientists of DNA  Griffith  Avery–MacLeod–McCarty  Hershey and Chase  Chargaff  Franklin  Watson and Crock

3. Griffith  EXPERIMENT  Injected mice with smooth and rough strains of bacteria  CONCLUSION  Something is occurring that changes the bacteria  Didn’t understand process but called it transformation

4. Avery–MacLeod–McCarty  EXPERIMENT  Wanted to determine what the transforming agent was  CONCLUSION  Material that caused transformation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

5. Hershey/Chase  EXPERIMENT  Wanted to determine what material viruses inserted into hosts  CONCLUSION  (Genetic) material of viruses was nucleic acid

6. Chargaff  NO EXPERIMENT  Looked at concentrations of bases in organisms  CONCLUSION  [A] = [T] and [G] = [C]  HAD NO IDEA WHY!

7. Franklin  EXPERIMENT  Used X-ray diffraction to study image of DNA  CONCLUSION  Figured out: Helical shape Twisted strands 2 strands Bases near middle

8. Watson and Crick  NO EXPERIMENT  Pulled everyone else’s information together  CONCLUSION  Determined the structure of DNA

9. PROCESS BOX 12-1 Pick two of the scientists that helped us understand DNA, and describe the conclusion of each scientist MUST BE 4 LINES!

10. Components & Structure of DNA  Double-stranded  Each nucleotide (monomer) is made up of three parts Phosphate group Nitrogenous base 4 types Deoxyribose 5-Carbon Sugar

11. Components & Structure of DNA  4 different nitrogenous bases  Guanine (G)  Adenine (A)  Cytosine (C)  Thymine (T) A pairs up with T, and G pairs up with C

12. Possible Nucleotides in DNA  Deoxyribose + Phosphate Group + Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

13. PROCESS BOX 12-2 If the top half of a strand of DNA is: TAG ACT TTT GGC ATC Predict what the bottom strand would be, AND explain how you are certain of your answer MUST BE 2 LINES!

14. Components & Structure of DNA  Bonding in DNA  MY NOTES:

15. Components & Structure of DNA  Purines  2 rings  Nucleotide adenine  Nucleotide guanine  Pyridimes  1 ring  Nucleotide thymine  Nucleotide cytosine 1.Ones with “y” are pyrimidines 2.Longer word; less rings

16. Chromosomes and DNA Replication  When DNA goes through mitosis, it condenses for easy sorting and separation  When its thin, it’s chromatin Wrapped around histone proteins like beads on a string  Coils up  Coils coil up  A chromosome is the very condensed form of DNA

17. Chromosomes and DNA Replication  Goal: two identical strands of DNA  General steps: Unzip double-strands Add new base pairs Clean up

18. Chromosomes and DNA Replication  DNA Replication DNA Replication 1. DNA helicase comes in and unzips the double helix 2. RNA primers are added 3. DNA polymerase ‘lands’ on primers and adds new base pairs 4. Two identical daughter strands resultidentical daughter strands

19. Chromosomes and DNA Replication 1. Parent strand 2. DNA helicase separates 3. DNA Polymerase adds 4. DNA ligase cleans up

20. PROCESS BOX 12-3 Sum up the process of DNA replication. Be sure to use all of the “actors”: DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, nucleotides, parent strand, and daughter strands MUST BE 4 LINES!

21. Components & Structure of RNA  Single-stranded  Each nucleotide (monomer) is made up of three parts Phosphate group Nitrogenous base 4 types 5-carbon sugar ribose

22. Components & Structure of RNA  4 different nitrogenous bases  Guanine (G)  Adenine (A)  Cytosine (C)  Uracil (U) A pairs up with U, and G pairs up with C

23. RNA and Protein Synthesis

25. PROCESS BOX 12-4 What are two similarities between DNA and RNA? What are two differences between DNA and RNA? MUST BE 3 LINES!

26. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Messenger RNA  mRNA  Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell Involved in protein synthesis

27. RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribosomal RNA rRNA RNA that makes up a major part of the ribosome Site of protein synthesis ALSO involved in protein synthesis

28. RNA and Protein Synthesis Transfer RNA tRNA Transfers amino acid to ribosome during protein synthesis And STILL involved in protein synthesis

29. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Transcription  Goal: make a strand of mRNA that “pairs up” with a template strand of DNA Complementary strand  Steps Unzip double helix Add in RNA bases Break away and leave nucleus

30. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Transcription Transcription  RNA polymerase does the job of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase combined Unzips and adds bases, but only to the TEMPLATE strand (coding strand)

31. PROCESS BOX 12-5 Sum up the process of transcription. Be sure to use all of the “actors”: RNA polymerase, nucleotides, and template strand MUST BE 3 LINES!

32. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Genetic Code  What do you see?

33. RNA and Protein Synthesis  The “code” in mRNA specifies the type and order of amino acids  REWIND: amino acids are the monomers of _________  The goal of the code is to help BUILD PROTEIN!

34. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Most important 4  UAA, UAG, UGA STOP  AUG “START” Also MET

35. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Translation Translation  Goal: Make a polypeptide chain (protein) from the information stored in mRNA Involves all three types of RNA! Occurs in cytoplasm of cells  Steps Have mRNA go in ribosome Ribosome reads codons tRNA brings in correct amino acids Protein is built

36. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Translation  Ribosome is site of protein synthesis  mRNA strand is fed through  Ribosome “starts” at the start codon _______

37. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Translation  tRNA has an anti-codon region that is complementary to the codon of mRNA  Each tRNA carries the matching amino acid with it

38. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Translation  As codons are read, matching tRNAs are brought to the ribosome  Amino acids are joined via dehydration synthesis  Peptide chain is made

39. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Translation Translation  Process stops when ribosome encounters UAA UAG UGA } We code for STOP!

40. PROCESS BOX 12-6 How are all three different types of RNA used in translation? MUST BE 3 LINES!

41. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Practice  Take this DNA strand, and transcribe the TOP strand

42. RNA and Protein Synthesis  Practice  Take your mRNA transcript, and translate it into a polypeptide chain