1. The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

2. Figure 13.25a CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

3. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

4. Subdural Hematoma

6. Natgeo Brain Surgery Video - removal of tumor http://video.nationalgeographic.com/vi deo/science/health-human-body- sci/human-body/brain-tumor-sci/ CNN Video Showing cognitive tasks during brain surgery as a tumor is removed.

7. Spinal Cord passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments (each with a pair of spinal nerves) Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck) Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back) FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

8. ASCENDING - impulses travel to the brain (sensory) DESCENDING - impulses travel to the muscles (motor)

9. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord

10. THE BRAIN ANATOMICAL REGIONS o Cerebrum o Cerebellum o Brain Stem

11. CEREBELLUM Balance and coordination

12. CEREBRUM - wrinkly large part of the brain, largest area in humans, higher mental function

13. Brain Stem - regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

14. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres - left and right side separated by the.... Corpus Callosum - connects the two hemispheres

15. The Cerebral Hemispheres Figure 13.7b, c

16. 3. Convolutions of the Brain - the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum Fissures = deep groove Sulcus = shallow groove Gyrus = bump

17. 4. Fissures – separate lobes Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides

19. Lobes of the Brain (general functions) 5. Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language 6. Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory) 7. Temporal Lobe – hearing 8. Occipital – vision

20. Figure 13.7a LOBES OF THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM) Sulcus = groove Gyrus = raised bump Fissure = deep groove

21. 9. Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

22. Functional and Structural Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 13.11a

23. 11. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid that protects and supports brain Figure 13.27b

24. FUNCTIONAL REGIONS A. MOTOR AREAS B. SENSORY AREAS C. ASSOCIATION

25. 12. Motor Areas - controls voluntary movements - the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body -also has Broca's Area (speech)

26. 13. Sensory Area - involved in feelings and sensations (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)

27. 14. Association Areas - higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

28. BRAIN STEM Consists of three parts: -MIDBRAIN -PONS -MEDULLA OBLONGATA

30. 5. Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements 6. Pons - relay sensory information 7. Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure Cerebellum - balance, coordination

31. 9. HIPPOCAMPUS Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus plays a major role in memories.

33. How important are your memories? If you were involved in a traumatic event, such as a rape or a terrorist attack, would you take a pill that would make it so that you did not remember the event? http://psychcentral.com/news/2011/ 05/27/drug-metyrapone-to-erase- bad-memories/26532.html