1. Chapter 6—Homes from the 18th Century to Today
Chapter Notes

2. Immigrant Styles (1700-1780) Dutch Colonials—Stone & Brick
Dutch Colonial--This American style originated in homes built by German, or “Deutsch” settlers in Pennsylvania as early as the 1600s. A hallmark of the style is a broad gambrel roof with flaring eaves that extend over the porches, creating a barn-like effect. Early homes were a single room, and additions were added to each end, creating a distinctive linear floor plan. End walls are generally of stone, and the chimney is usually located on one or both ends.

3. Immigrant Styles ( )
Log Cabins—Wood & Quarry Stone or Square Logs
The frontier style log cabin:
was introduced by Swedish settlers in the early 1700s
used no nails
contained only one room
was only 10 feet wide
measured 12 to 20 feet long
had at least one glass window
included a loft area for sleeping

4. Immigrant Styles (1700-1780) Spanish—Cut Stone & Adobe Brick
Spanish Colonial styles/ American Technique are chunky looking Pueblos emerged around 1900s in California, but proved most popular in Arizona and New Mexico, where many original designs originated in late 1700s. The style is characterized by flat roofs, parapet walls with round edges, earth-colored stucco or adobe-brick walls, straight-edge window frames, and roof beams that project through the wall. The interior typically features corner fireplaces, unpainted wood columns, and tile or brick floors.

5. American Technique—Sun-baked Adobe Clay
Immigrant Styles ( )
American Technique—Sun-baked Adobe Clay

6. Georgian Period ( )
A formal, balanced design—houses 2-3 stories high
Gable Roof—“a pitched roof with 2 sloped sides”
Hip Roof—“a roof with 4 sloped sides”
Large windows—symmetrically placed, consisted of many small panes
Doorway Details—“Pilasters”: decorated flattened columns” & “Pediment”: triangular / arched decoration over the door

7. Georgian Period ( )
“Cornice”: a decorative strip at the area where the roof & walls meet
A Central Chimney or a Chimney at each end of the house
Contrasting Material—Red brick used with white wood trim
INSIDE OF TYPICAL GEORGIAN HOUSE

8. The Federal Period ( )
Name (4) Political / Social Trends that helped shape this Period
1)Renewed Patriotism after winning the American Revolution
2)Sought Architectural Styles that expressed America’s won freedom & independence
3)New trend-setting leaders emerged, many of them traders & merchants
4)Cities w/ busy ports grew; expanded civilizations into the western frontier

9. ADAM STYLE Combined Georgian & Classical Greek /Rome
“Rectangular Design w/ 1 or more stories” “Some homes have center section w/ a wing on each side”
Gable Roof—“slopes of roof face the front & back of the house”
Fanlight—“a semi-circular, round, or oval window with fan-shaped panes of glass”
Decorative Interiors—plaster & wood carvings in classical design on walls & ceilings
--mantles above fireplace are especially decorative

10. ADAM STYLE

11. Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)
Name (4) Historical Buildings / Sites that used this style of Architecture (p. 104)
1) Thomas Jefferson’s home in Monticello
2) Buildings for the University of Virginia
3) Used for many government buildings (new federal capital of Washington DC)
4) Also used for many residences being settled in the west

12. Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)
Similar to the “ADAM STYLE” (Rectangle Building—Windows Symmetrically placed—Fanlight Window)
DIFFERENCE = Portico—“tall open porch, supported by columns, over the front entrance.”
DIFFERENCE = Pediment—“triangular / arched decoration over the front entrance.”

13. Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)
Portico

14. The 19th Century Architectural Styles
Greek Revival Style ( )
2-Story Rectangle house w/ symmetrically placed windows
Gable roof w/ wide trim at the cornice
Pilasters on the corners of frame houses or across the whole front
An elaborate entrance (door surrounded by small windows & have additional wood / masonry framework)
Columns supporting a small or large porch
Greek Columns are the most common
(i.e. Pre-Civil War “Southern Plantation Homes”)

15. Greek Revival Style
PiLasters
PiLasters

16. Gothic Revival Style (1840-1880)
European Features (pointed arches & circular windows w/ carved stone)
Many were built of wood (not stone—expensive & shortage of stonemasons)
High-Peaked Gothic Gables
Decorated with “Gingerbread”—lacy-looking cut-out wood trimming

17. Gothic Revival Style (1840-1880)
Gingerbread
High-Peaked Gables

18. Italianate Style (1840-1885) Square Houses ---- 2 stories high
Wide over-hanging hip roofs w/ decorative brackets or supports at the cornices
Long narrow windows crowned with arched & inverted U-shaped structure

19. Mansard Style ( )
Box-like “Mansard Roof”—roof that has 2 slopes on all sides, with the lower slope being steep & the upper slope almost flat.
Decorated Cornices
French Windows (long windows that open lengthwise at the middle)
Dormer Windows (for the top story project from the lower slope of the roof)

20. Mansard Style ( )
A mansard roof has two slopes on each of the four sides. The lower slope is steeper than the upper slope. Dormers are often set in the lower slope. The upper slope is usually not visible from the ground.

21. Queen Anne Style (1870s-1880s) Most Fanciful of the Victorian Styles
Irregular steep roofs with ornate gables
Overlapping decorative shingles for siding
Wraparound porches with railings & columns
Circular Tower that extends the entire height of the building

22. Queen Anne Style (1870s-1880s) *Elegant Curved Porch
*Trim detail b/t posts
*Turrets
*Bay Windows

23. The Early 20th Century Architectural Styles
Colonial Revival Style ( )
Georgian, Saltbox, & Cape Cod Style houses
Doors / Windows have distinctive features
Door is prominent (usually w/ decorated pediment supported by pilasters)—see p. 108
Windows appear in symmetrically balanced pairs w/ double-hung slashes

24. Colonial Revival Style (1880-1955)

25. Tudor Style (1890-1940) “Half-Timbered” look—see p. 112
Steeply pitched gables at front & sides
Tall-narrow windows placed in groups, with many small panes
Massive chimneys with decorative “Chimney Pots”—earthenware pipes placed at the tops of chimneys
Stucco, Brick, & Stone are used for the exterior

26. Tudor Style ( )

27. Turret Chateauesque Style Modeled after French Palaces
Irregular outlines composed of steeply pitched roofs with dormers, decorated chimneys and towers are characteristic of this style. Gothic stone tracery, finials and Tudor arches are often utilized. Always built of masonry, this style structures have a massive appearance.
Turret
Modeled after French Palaces
Feature: Towers, Turrets, Ornamental Metal Cresting, Elaborate Moldings, Relief Carvings, & Arched Windows & Doorways.
Castle-like Details

28. Mission Style ( )
Most Common in Southwestern United States—inspire by Hispanic Heritage
Arched Doorways & windows, tile roofs, “Parapets” (low walls or railings along balconies) & exterior walls made of stucco.
Often, bell towers & turrets with Pyramid-shaped roofs often added charm to the Mission-Style’s traditional shapes.

29. Mission Style ( )
This style of house usually has these features:
Smooth stucco siding
Roof parapets
Large square pillars
Twisted columns
Arcaded entry porch
Round or quatrefoil window
Red tile roof
The earliest Mission style homes were built in California, USA. The style spread eastward, but most Mission homes are located in the southwestern states. Deeply shaded porches and dark interiors make these homes particularly suited for warmer climates.

30. Prairie Style (Built until 1920s)
“Frank Lloyd Wright” Design
Emphasis on: horizontal lines, low-pitched roofs with over-hanging eaves, wide porches.
Square 2-story house with a hip roof and wide front porch.
This style of house usually has these features:
Low-pitched roof
Overhanging eaves
Horizontal lines
Central chimney
Open floor plan
Rows of small windows
One-story projections
Frank Lloyd Wright believed that rooms in Victorian era homes were boxed-in and confining. He attempted to refine American housing by designing houses with low horizontal lines and open interior spaces. Rooms were often divided by leaded glass panels. Furniture was either built-in or specially designed.

31. Craftsman Style (until 1920)
Very Similar to “Prairie Style”
Difference = BUNGALOW--“small 1-story house with an overhanging roof & covered porch”
Low-pitched gable roof, decorative beams & braces under eaves, full- or partial-width porches with the roof supported by columns or pedestals extending to the ground.

32. Craftsman Style (until 1920)

33. International Style (1930s-1940s)
This style emphasizes—function & usefulness (no ornaments / decorations)
Use of Geometric Shapes—Asymmetrical Design (like a sculpture)
Roof = Flat
Walls = Smooth, blank surfaces & large expanse windows

34. International Style (1930s-1940s)
Asymmetrical
Horizontal orientation
Flat roof
No cornices or eaves
Cube-like shape
Smooth, white walls
Sleek, streamlined
Rounded corners
Aluminum and stainless steel window and door trim
Little or no ornamentation
Open floor plans

35. Ranch Style (1945-modern) Long & Low 1-story house
Low-pitched gable or hip roof
Most have decorative shutters, iron or wooden porch-roof supports, & picture windows

36. Ranch Style (1945-modern) One story
Low-pitched roof: hipped, cross-gabled, or side-gabled, sometimes with deep eaves
Horizontal but asymmetrical arrangement, creating an informal feel
An integral garage
Rectangular, L- or U-shaped floor plan
Rooms frequently open to one another and to private courtyards, patios, or porches
Generally few decorative exterior details
exposed beams. Both breeds tend to be one-story tall and were designed to incorporate the surrounding landscape into their overall look.

37. Contemporary Style (1950s-1970s)
Features wide overhanging eaves, flat or low-pitched gable roofs, exposed support beams, contrasting wall materials & textures, and unusual placement & shapes of windows.

38. Split-Level Style (1950s-modern)
Has horizontal lines, low-pitched roof, & overhanging eaves
Has 3 levels of living space—each connected by short flight of stairs

39. Split-Level Style (1950s-modern)
Two stories
Attached garage
Partially submerged basement with living quarters
Low pitched gable roof
Asymmetrical
Large windows: double-hung, sliding, and picture
Sliding glass doors leading out to patio
Lack decorative detailing, aside from decorative shutters and porch-roof supports

40. Shed Style (1960s)
Roofline—made up of a combo of shed roofs—each of which slope at a different angle & face in a different direction.
Little or no decoration
Exterior = wood shingle or wood board siding
Windows = small & symmetrical
These homes were particular favorites of architects in the 1960s and 1970s. They feature multiple roofs sloping in different directions, which creates multigeometric shapes; wood shingle, board, or brick exterior cladding; recessed and downplayed front doorways; and small windows. There's virtually no symmetry to the style.

41. A-Frame (New Design)
Gabled roof that continues down to the ground (no side walls)
Used for vacation homes

42. Geodesic Dome (New Design)
Energy-efficient home built of triangular frames joined to form a self-supporting roof & walls
Frame is metal or plastic covered by flexible skin or rigid panels.
Dome-Shaped (no interior walls)
Large Windows

43. Interior advantages of the dome include greater freedom of floor plan design, cathedral ceilings, evenness of light, heat, and sound distribution. Domes display superior light characteristics as spherical shapes tend to amplify light while rectangular shapes tend to absorb light; in many cases it is actually brighter inside a dome without any interior lights turned on than it is outside. Acoustical advantages include more even sound distribution and approximately 30% less outside noise infiltration.

44. Imagine that you are a hot new up-and-coming Architectural Designer
Imagine that you are a hot new up-and-coming Architectural Designer! You have been commissioned to create a totally new housing design. You must use:
(1) Characteristic from 10 Different Housing / Architectural Styles studied in Chapter 6
EXAMPLE: Select a Mansard Roof (Mansard Style) & Half-Timbered Exterior (Tudor Style)
On one sheet of paper, you must NEATLY outline these (10) specifications for your new design…be sure to identify the Housing Style that each characteristic comes from.
Include how many stories, rooms, & bathrooms that your house has.
Give Reasons for EACH of your choices (“I chose to include a Portico to enhance my elegant design.”)
Come up with a unique and marketable “Title” for your New Housing Style Design.
Describe how your new style makes sense & come up with a clever marketing slogan / catch-phrase to help “sell” your design.
On a piece of Graph Paper; Draw a sketch of your New Architectural Style & LABEL (10) Characteristics
Use a ruler for straight, neat lines
Use a Scale Proportion of ¼” = 1 Ft. (1 square = 1 ft)