1. Innovation or Renovation? The Management of Strategic and Adoption Decisions within a University Arthur TatnallKaren Manning Graduate School of BusinessSchool of Mgt and Info SystemsVictoria UniversityMelbourne, Australia ITEM-2010 – Botswana

2. Adoption and Use of e-Learning Technologies in a University Some time ago Albert University made a strategic decision to adopt WebCT as its e-Learning platform In 2009, however Blackboard Inc. indicated that they would soon withdraw support for WebCT in favour of their main product: Blackboard This means that Albert University must make another strategic decision: adopt Blackboard or move to an open source product such as Moodle? July 2010Innovation or Renovation?2

3. The decision to implement a particular e- Learning product is a strategic one This decision does not, however, necessarily determine the extent to which each individual academic will make use of it in their teaching The overall adoption decision by the university should be considered in terms of strategy Individual adoption decisions are best considered using innovation adoption theory July 2010Innovation or Renovation?3 Adoption and Use of e-Learning Technologies in a University

4. Strategy for the Adoption of Technological Innovations Strategic management is a process for co- ordinating decision making in what may be a large, diversified organisation It is important to note that the actual users of the system are often not well represented in the decision making process The actual final decision will result from an incremental series of decisions July 2010Innovation or Renovation?4

5. Innovation and Change Just because a new e-Learning system has been made available does not mean that it can be assumed that organisations or individuals will want to adopt or use it Even if an organisation does adopt a new innovation, it cannot be assumed that its employees will want to use it ‘You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink’ July 2010Innovation or Renovation?5

6. “There is nothing more difficult to handle, more doubtful of success and more dangerous to carry through than initiating changes... The innovator makes enemies of all those who prospered under the old order, and only lukewarm support is forthcoming from those who would prosper under the new. Their support is lukewarm partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the existing laws on their side, and partly because men are generally incredulous, never really trusting new things unless they have tested them by experience.” (Machiavelli c1515) July 2010Innovation or Renovation?6 Innovation and Change

7. Adoption of Innovations Innovation can be defined as: “the alteration of what is established; something newly introduced” (Oxford 1973) “introducing new things or methods” (Macquarie Library 1981) The process of innovation involves getting new ideas accepted and new technologies adopted and used July 2010Innovation or Renovation?7

8. Theoretical Approaches to Innovation Adoption Theory of Reasoned Action Theory of Planned Behaviour The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Diffusion of Innovations Innovation Translation July 2010Innovation or Renovation?8

9. Innovation Translation: ANT Actor-Network Theory was designed as an approach to socio-technical research that would treat the contributions of both human and non- human actors fairly and in the same way Innovation Translation notes that the process of innovation adoption is often not completely rational and that innovations are frequently not adopted in their entirety but only after ‘translation’ into a form that is more appropriate for use by the potential adopter July 2010Innovation or Renovation?9

10. Translation involves all the strategies that an actor goes through to identify other actors and work with or against them in order to achieve adoption The process of translation has four ‘moments’ Problematisation Interessement Enrolment Mobilisation July 2010Innovation or Renovation?10 Innovation Translation: ANT

11. Problem of Partial Adoption One difficulty faced in investigating adoption of technological innovations is that not all innovations are adopted in the form they were proposed – not all are adopted without change Neither TAM nor Innovation Diffusion take this into account to any degree and assume that much of the reason for the adoption, or non- adoption, of the technology is rational and is due to characteristics of the innovation itself July 2010Innovation or Renovation?11

12. e-Learning Innovation Adoption Decisions The first step in an ANT analysis of decisions by individual academics to adopt some, or all, of the e-learning package is to identify actors: July 2010Innovation or Renovation?12 Course Co-ordinators Subject Co-ordinators Academics (teachers) Sessional Lecturers Faculty Deans University Administration Students Computers Screens Computer Laboratories Information Technology Services Department e-learning Infrastructure e-learning Environment

13. Next we look at the interactions and associations between the actors and how they attempt to influence the outcome All of this means that many academics will translate the e-learning package into something that suits their own needs before adoption July 2010Innovation or Renovation?13 e-Learning Innovation Adoption Decisions

14. Conclusion Adoption and implementation of technology, such as an e-learning system in a university has both strategic and individual aspects The initial decision to invest in the technology is a strategic one, best considered in terms of strategic decision making theory Decisions regarding individual subjects (made by individual academics) can be analysed using one of the models of innovation adoption Adequate weight should be given to both human and technological (non-human) factors July 2010Innovation or Renovation?14