1. Chapter 15: The First Global Age
Section 1: The Search for Spices
Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
Section 4: Encounters in East Asia

2. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Europeans Explore the Seas
Prior to the Renaissance, Europeans had been introduced to luxury goods from Asia via the Crusades and the overland trade routes established by the Mongol Empire

3. Trade Routes from Asia to Europe

4. Section 1: The Search for Spices
As the Renaissance was reaching its height, the growing population of Europe began to demand greater quantities of Asian goods
The most valued of these goods were spices, such as:
Cinnamon
Nutmeg
Cloves
Pepper

5. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Motives:
In the 1400s, Muslim and Italian merchants controlled most of the trade between Asia and Europe
They had a monopoly on Asian goods and charged high prices
The rest of Europe wanted to by-pass these middle-men and gain direct access to Asian goods
Direct access would mean cheaper prices for European consumers

6. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Improved Technology helped Europeans to travel the seas
Cartographers, or mapmakers produced accurate maps
The Astrolabe allowed sailors to determine latitude while at sea
The Caravel was a combination of the “squared” European sail and the triangular Arab sail that allowed for faster traveling of the ocean

8.                                                             
Astrolabe

9. European Square & Arab Triangular+
= Caravel

10. Caravel

11. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Portugal Sails Eastward
Prince Henry the Navigator created schools for sailors, commissioned (placed orders) cartographers to draw maps, and financed (paid for) the explorations of Africa
In 1460, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa and opened a sea route to Asia with his exploration

12. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Columbus Sails to the West
He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to finance his “enterprise to the Indies”
Columbus spent several months in the Caribbean, which he believed to be India, and began calling the people he found Indians

13. Section 1: The Search for Spices
The Line of Demarcation
Spain and Portugal argued over who owned the lands that Columbus had explored
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to mediate the peace
He set the Line of Demarcation dividing the non-European world into two zones:
Spain was to control all land to the west of the line, and Portugal all land to the east

14. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Continued European Exploration
Europeans continue to seek routes around and through the Americas:
In 1513, Spanish adventurer, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from an American shore

15. Section 1: The Search for Spices
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan begins his journey to circumnavigate or sail around the world
In 1522, the survivors of the journey returned home to be hailed as heroes
Of the original 5 ships and 250 men, 1 ship and 18 men returned (Magellan had died in 1521)

16. Section 1: The Search for Spices
Search for the Northwest Passage
In 1497, King Henry VII of England sent a navigator named John Cabot to seek a more northerly route to the new world
Cabot found rich fishing grounds off Newfoundland, which he claimed for England

17. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
Summary:
Because of its location, Southeast Asia was affected by the cultures of China and India

19. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is composed of a mainland and scattered islands
It is located between China and India
Modern countries there include Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia

21. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
Ships traveling between China and India had to pass through Southeast Asian waters
Between monsoon seasons, ships waited in Southeast Asian ports
These ports became centers of trade and culture

22. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
India and China influenced the culture of Southeast Asia
Indians traveling to Southeast Asia brought ideas about government, law, art and architecture
They introduced Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam to the region
In 111B.C., China conquered Northern Vietnam
The Chinese ruled Vietnam for 1,000 years
During that time the Vietnamese adopted many Chinese ideas

23. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia
Kingdoms emerged in Southeast Asia that blended Indian and Southeast Asian ways
The ruler of the kingdom of Pagan united the region in A.D.1044 and introduce Buddhism
The Kymer Empire thrived between
Kymer rulers became Hindus
The Srivijaya nation prospered between the 600s and the 1200s
As in other nations, its people added Hindu and Buddhist ideas to their own religious practices

25. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
Summary:
Europeans used military power to build trading empires in Southeast Asia

26. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
In 1510, the Portuguese took control of the Indian Ocean trade network from the Muslims
The Portuguese seized the port of Malacca, the most important Arab trading city
They also conquered cities on the east coast of Africa and destroyed Arab ships at sea
In a short time, Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia

28. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
By the late 1500s, Portuguese power in the Indian Ocean was declining
Meanwhile, the Dutch were setting up trading colonies around the world
In 1641 the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese and began trading with China
Before long, the Dutch controlled the Asian spice trade

29. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
Before the 1700s, the Mughal Empire in India was richer and more powerful than any European empire
The Mughal’s did not want to trade with the Europeans
Still, Mughal emperors allowed European trading companies to build forts and warehouses along the coast of India

30. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
In the early 1700s, Mughal leaders ended their policy of religious toleration and conflicts began to arise
Civil war led to a decline in Mughal power

31. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India
Then, the British East India Company forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes in northeast India
Before long the company was the real ruler of the region
Slowly the Company spread its influence to other parts of India

32. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
Summary:
China, Korea and Japan limited contact with western nations

34. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
European traders reached China in 1514
The Ming rulers of China were not interested in European goods because they thought the goods were not well made
They allowed Europeans to trade only at Canton and forced them to leave after each trading season ended

35. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
When the Ming Dynasty declined, Manchu conquers from the west set up the Qing Dynasty
The Qing continued to limit European traders, reject foreign goods and refuse treaties
Later, this policy would prove disastrous

36. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
Before 1500, Korean traders traveled all over East Asia
Then, in the 1590s, Japan conquered Korea
Less than fifty years later, the Manchus forced Korea to become a tributary state of China

37. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
In response the Koreans decided to isolate themselves
Foreigners were not allowed in Korea
Shipwrecked sailors were imprisoned
Korea became known as the “Hermit Kingdom”

38. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
At first, the Japanese welcomed European traders and ideas
The Japanese bought European weapons and learned how to build castles in the European style
Many Japanese converted to Christianity

39. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
However, Japanese rulers did not trust the Europeans
In time they forced all Europeans to leave Japan and persecuted Japanese Christians

40. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia
By 1638, Japanese rulers had ended western trade and banned travel outside the country
Japan remained isolated for the next 200 years