1. Latin America and Its Independence 1800 - 1830

2. Presentation Overview  Part One: Latin America in 1800  Part Two: Causes of Latin American Revolutions  Part Three:  The Revolutions  Part Four: Results of the Revolutions

3. Part One: Latin America in 1800  A. Geography of an Empire Spanish colonies - 1/3 of the Americas Spanish colonies - 1/3 of the Americas Portuguese - Controlled Brazil Portuguese - Controlled Brazil

5. Part One: Latin America in 1800  B. Government 1. Run by peninsulares (Royalists) 1. Run by peninsulares (Royalists) Spanish or Portuguese appointedSpanish or Portuguese appointed Supported by the militarySupported by the military 2. Majority of people had no voice 2. Majority of people had no voice

6. Part One: Latin America in 1800  C. Economic 1. Mercantilism 1. Mercantilism Support Mother countrySupport Mother country Supply raw materials to mother countrySupply raw materials to mother country Manufacturing restrictedManufacturing restricted Peninsulares run mines and tradePeninsulares run mines and trade

7. Part One: Latin America in 1800  D. Social Order Stratified - Based on blood Stratified - Based on blood 1. Peninsulares - Spanish born in Spain1. Peninsulares - Spanish born in Spain 2. Creoles - Spanish born in America2. Creoles - Spanish born in America 3. Mestizo - Spanish and Indian blood3. Mestizo - Spanish and Indian blood 4. Mulattoes - Spanish and African blood4. Mulattoes - Spanish and African blood 5. Indians5. Indians 6. Africans6. Africans

8. Part Two: Causes of Latin American Revolutions 1800 - 1830

10. Part Two: Causes of Revolution  A. Political Causes 1. Napoleon’s takeover of Spain & Portugal - 1808 1. Napoleon’s takeover of Spain & Portugal - 1808 2. “Taxation without consultation” - angers creoles (no say) 2. “Taxation without consultation” - angers creoles (no say)

11. Part Two: Causes of Revolution  B. Economic Causes Trade Restrictions Trade Restrictions Supply raw materials to mother country (e.g. coffee, sugar, hides, silver)Supply raw materials to mother country (e.g. coffee, sugar, hides, silver) Hurt development of manufacturingHurt development of manufacturing Forced to remain dependentForced to remain dependent

12. Part Two: Causes of Revolution  C. Social Causes 1. Peninsulares and Creoles - racist attitude on lower classes 1. Peninsulares and Creoles - racist attitude on lower classes 2. 3/5ths of population - Indians (except Chile & Argentina) 2. 3/5ths of population - Indians (except Chile & Argentina) 3. Freed Slaves - forced military service and taxes 3. Freed Slaves - forced military service and taxes 4. Indians - Forced labor in mines (mita) and taxed goods (repartimiento) 4. Indians - Forced labor in mines (mita) and taxed goods (repartimiento)

13. Part Two: Causes of Revolution  D. Intellectual Causes 1. Enlightenment ideas 1. Enlightenment ideas Free trade & speech, equality before lawFree trade & speech, equality before law “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” (Rousseau) “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” (Rousseau) American and French Revolutions successful American and French Revolutions successful

14. “My children, this day comes to us... Are you ready to receive it? Will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover from the hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago?” Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1810)

15. Part Three: The Revolutions 1800 - 1830

16. Part Three: The Revolutions  A. 1807 - 1825 - All Spanish & Portuguese colonies in N. & S. America gain their independence  B. Led by Simon Bolivar (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela) and Jose de San Martin (Peru, Argentina, Chile) BoliviaColombiaPeru EcuadorPanama VenezuelaBoliviaColombiaPeru EcuadorPanama Venezuela  C. Never able to unify all peoples  D. Peninsulares driven from power

17. Part Four: Results of Revolutions  A. Political Results 1. Creoles assume power 1. Creoles assume power 2. Republics proclaimed in name only 2. Republics proclaimed in name only 3. Military dictators (caudillos) emerge 3. Military dictators (caudillos) emerge 4. Political instability 4. Political instability Venezuela 52 different governments in 1800sVenezuela 52 different governments in 1800s

18. Part Four: Results of Revolutions  A. Political Results Continued 5. Fight over borders 5. Fight over borders 6. Catholic Church - vies for control 6. Catholic Church - vies for control 7. Monroe Doctrine - Europeans don’t come back - U.S. and Britain will dominate new states 7. Monroe Doctrine - Europeans don’t come back - U.S. and Britain will dominate new states

19. Part Four: Results of Revolutions  B. Economic Results 1. Wars disrupt trade with Spain - hurt state economically 1. Wars disrupt trade with Spain - hurt state economically 2. Peasants forced into military - hurts farm production 2. Peasants forced into military - hurts farm production 3. Private farms (haciendas) seized 3. Private farms (haciendas) seized 4. Countries exploited by Great Britain and U.S. 4. Countries exploited by Great Britain and U.S.

20. Part Four: Results of Revolutions  C. Social Results 1. Some slaves granted freedom for military service 1. Some slaves granted freedom for military service 2. Legal Equality in name only 2. Legal Equality in name only 3. Racism remains 3. Racism remains 4. Indians, blacks, mestizoes & mulattoes - few gains 4. Indians, blacks, mestizoes & mulattoes - few gains