1. Determination of fundamental constants using laser cooled molecular ions

2. Jeroen Koelemeij, PostDoc C. W. Chou, D. B. Hume, J. C. J. Koelemeij, D. J. Wineland, and T. Rosenband, PRL 104, 070802 (2010)

3. Jeroen Koelemeij, PostDoc Mohammad Ali Haddad, PhD student Working on molecular ions

4. Outline The proton-to-electron mass ratio μ Measuring vibrations in HD + Ion trap Laser Cooling Atoms Cooling molecules Measurements Results

5. μ In general, value of physical constants can depend on units Dimensionless constants do not depend on the stick you measure with Two dimensionless parameters needed for gross structure of atoms and molecules Fine structure constant α The proton-to-electron mass ratio μ

6. μ Vibrations and rotations in molecules and vibrations in crystal lattices depend on μ Properties of matter like specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity depend on these motions μ=m p /m e =1836.1526724718(80) Want an even more accurate value Compare results of different techniques

7. HD + Study vibrations of simplest molecule, like H 2 + HD + has a permanent electric dipole which allows for a vibrational transition within an electronic state QED Calculations on vibrational transitions limited by knowledge of μ Vary μ to fit calculations to experimental data f theory (μ)=f exp

8. Measuring Movement disturbs measurement Vacuum Cooling

9. Ion trap Ions are trapped using electric fields Impossible to trap them with static fields RF-fields create a harmonic pseudopotential

11. Laser Cooling Atoms accelerate or decelerate when absorbing light Need absorption only when would decelerate an atom When atom is moving opposite to laser beam Absorb light only at resonance frequency Doppler effect Laser detuned below resonance

12. Cooling cycle Need many photon absorptions Requires a two-level system Molecules can decay to many rovibrational levels They do not end up in the same initial state

13. Cooling of molecules No direct laser cooling Use sympathetic cooling Energy transfer from HD+ to atomic ions due to Coulomb interactions

14. Cooling of molecules Frequency of radial harmonic motion ω r in RF- pseudo-potential scales with 1/m Potential energy scales with (m ω r 2 ) ∝ 1/m Use ions with small mass for greater Coulomb- interaction Be + B. Roth, J. Koelemeij et al., PRA 74, 040501 (2006 )

15. Laser cooling Beryllium ions Tuning to the right wavelength We need 313 nm Frequency doubling of 626 nm dye laser 532 nm solid state laser to pump the dye

18. Measuring Measure the absorption frequency Detect absorption of probe laser while changing its frequency Transition to other vibrational state Low spontaneous emission rate Fluorescence is very weak

19. Measuring Dissociating HD + Laser dissociates molecules from excited state Change in response of the ion cloud if HD + was in excited state

20. Measuring Be + is visible because of cooling laser Fluorescence depends on temperature Drive HD + harmonic motion in trap Temperature depends on amount of HD + Fluorescence depends on amount of HD + B. Roth, J. Koelemeij et al., PRA 74, 040501 (2006 )

21. No measurement data yet Still setting up 780nm laser Stabilization, frequency calibration Ion trap can still be improved

22. But we do have trapped ions

24. Sources used for pictures: http://www.informaworld.com/ampp/image?path=/713172969/713548228/F0001.png http://gottatopic.com/how-long-is-a-meter/ http://www.andybrain.com/sciencelab/2008/04/26/learn-about-volume-and-space-with-ice-water/