1. Arguments (lines of reasoning) ann winter

2. Persuasion – Argument checklist State a point of view (POV) in 1 brief, clear sentence Offer evidence or examples to support your pov Source of evidence eg evidence hierarchy/irrefutable Consider contradictions/contrasting pov Demonstrate convincing why your pov is the best http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=KO1T7b07I7E&feature=related

3. Chunk it down

4. Line of persuasion Something to persuade us about E.g. all people should be allowed to smoke anywhere

5. Reasons/evidence Smoking isn’t illegal Millions of people get great pleasure from it (dates, examples, context, names) Is there opposing evidence? What would your opponents argue? Where is there evidence?

6. Conclusions Arguments always lead us somewhere i.e. what the arguer wants to persuade us to accept/agree with May start with ‘Therefore…, so…,in consequence…’ It focuses attention on the relationship between the reasons and conclusions

7. An argument yes/no? Unless people invest in computers for their home, they are going to be left behind in the huge IT changes affecting our lives. Computers have become so much cheaper than they used to be. Most children love them.

8. Children will be able to do their homework much better if they have access to a computer at home. The price of home computers and laptops has fallen considerably in the past 10 years. So parents should buy a computer for their children to use at home.

10. Explaining/arguing? The ship comes into port at 7.30pm. Passengers disembark 30 minutes later. Therefore the customs officers will be on duty by 7.55.

11. Its not a persuasive argument its merely explaining what will be happening

12. Argument framework Main argument Reasons/evidence in favour 1 2 3 4 Evidence and examples 1 2 3 4 Opposing evidence 1 2 3 Reasons and evidence 1 2 3 Reasons why my arguments are stronger than opposing ones Conclusions

13. Argument/contradiction/disagreement http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=teMlv3ripSM

14. Argument glossary Assertions – unsupported statements Internal consistency – all parts contribute to the conclusion Logical consistency – each linked to previous building up a case Line of reasoning – a set of reasons presneted in logical order Premise – propositions believed to be tru and used as bases for argument can be false Proposition – statements believed to be true

15. Structure a line of reasoning Argument: Opening sentence- argument: First, first of all; to begin with; initially, Similarity in evidence: equally, likewise, in the same way, indeed, correspondingly, in the same line Stronger reinforcing similarity: furthermore, moreover, indeed, what is more Reinforcing with different reasons: also, in addition, as well as, not only Alternative evidence: alternatively, a different perspective on this.., others argue that.., it might be argued that.., Rebutting alternative evidence: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, in any case, despite this, in spite of this, even though Reporting verbs: suggest, argue, claim, propose, think, describe, note, analyse, discuss, show, explain, point out, demonstrate, report, develop Contrasting: by contrast, on the other hand, in fact Concluding: therefore, in conclusion, thus, from this we can infer/deduce

16. Toulmin model 1. Argument = CLAIM 2. Reasons = GROUNDS 3. Premise = WARRANT 4. Provenance of warrant = BACKING

17. Triangle model Then – position/conclusion Since - evidence Because - reason Mitchell S & Riddle M 2003 Improving the quality of argument in Higher Education Middlesex University London

18. Flawed reasoning No relationship/correlation between trends Lack of necessary conditions Unwarranted leaps Emotive language Attacking authors

19. In conclusion http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=G40OEBuIZdM