1. January 18 th * Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and between organisms and the physical environment *Agenda* 1. Chapter 3 – Ecology Notes 2. HW – Notes 4.2 only and Ecological pyramid worksheet STEP IT UP! Do NOT drop the BALL!

2. Ecology Is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings. Is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings.

4. Levels of Organization Species Species –Group of organisms that can reproduce Population Population –Groups of individual that live in the same area Communities Communities –Different populations that live in a defined area

5. Levels of Organization Ecosystem Ecosystem –Collection of all organisms that live in a particular place, and the non- living environment Biome Biome –Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominate communities.

7. Energy Flow Energy flows through Ecosystems Energy flows through Ecosystems  Producers = autotrophs  Consumers = heterotrophs

8. Producers – Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth.

9. Producers – Some organisms do not rely on sunlight, but rather rely on energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds

10. An Autotroph Is Any Organism That Can Produce Its Own Food Supply!

11. Autotrophs = Producer AKA A lso K nown A s PRODUCER captures energy and transforms it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms.

12. Photoautotroph Producer That Captures Energy from the sun by: – Photosynthesis Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere Removes Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Removes Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere

13. On Land On Land – Plants In The Sea In The Sea – Algae Tidal Flats & Salt Marshes Tidal Flats & Salt Marshes – Cyanobacteria Photoautotroph EXAMPLES

14. Chemoautotroph Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules –No light needed – Hydrogen Sulfide – The Process Is Called: Chemosynthesis

15. Autotrophs Know the difference between Photosynthesis &Chemosynthesis

16. Consumers THAT’SYOU

17. Consumers You are a HETEROTROPH

18. Consumers Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. Herbivores Herbivores – Eat Only Plants Carnivores Carnivores – Eat Only Other Animals

19. Consumers Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. Omnivores (That’s You) Omnivores (That’s You) – Eat Plants & Animals Detritivores Detritivores – Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains Decomposers Decomposers – Breaks down organic matter – Fungi & Bacteria

20. Feeding Relationships Key Concept: Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers

21. Feeding Relationships Food Chain Food Chain – Simple Energy path through an ecosystem Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Quaternary Consumer

22. Food Web More realistic path through an ecosystem Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Quaternary Consumer

23. Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. Producers Producers – ALWAYS in The First Trophic Level – How Energy Enters The System Herbivores Herbivores – Second Trophic Level Carnivores/Omnivores Carnivores/Omnivores – Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels

24. Each level depends on the one below it for energy.

25. Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

26. Energy Pyramid shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level –Only use 10% of the energy –90% is lost as HEAT

27. Biomass Pyramid Shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level Shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level Most biomass?? Most biomass?? –Base (bottom) of the pyramid

28. Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individuals at each trophic level Shows the relative number of individuals at each trophic level

30. Biogeochemical Cycles Bio Bio –Life Geo Geo –Geological Chemical Chemical –Elements & Compounds Cycles Cycles –Use and ReUse

31. 4 Biogeochemical Cycles Water Water Nutrients Nutrients –Carbon –Nitrogen –Phosphorus

32. Recycling in the Biosphere Key Concept: Key Concept: –Unlike the one-way flow of energy, Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical cycles –Connect Biological, Geological, and Chemical aspects of the Biosphere

33. Recycling in the Biosphere Matter is NOT used up Matter is NOT used up –It is transformed

34. Vapor, Precipitation, Run Off (Rivers, Oceans, Groundwater Vapor, Precipitation, Run Off (Rivers, Oceans, Groundwater The Water Cycle

35. The Water Cycle - Processes Evaporation Evaporation –H 2 0 Changes Liquid to Gas Transpiration Transpiration –Evaporation from Leaves Leaves

36. Nutrient Cycles –Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.

37. Carbon Cycle Estimated Carbon in Biosphere Estimated Carbon in Biosphere – 49,000 Metric Gigatons –Metric Gigaton=10 9 Metric Tons or 1,000,000,000 Tons –71% in Oceans –22% Fossilized –3% Dead Organics & Phytoplankton

38. Importance : Nitrogen Cycle Required for Amino Acids Required for Amino Acids N 2 78% Atmosphere N 2 78% Atmosphere NH3Ammonia NH3Ammonia NO 3 ¯ Nitrate NO 3 ¯ Nitrate NO 2 ¯ Nitrite NO 2 ¯ Nitrite

39. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Fixation –Bacteria, roots of legumes

40. Phosphorus Cycle Required for DNA & RNA Required for DNA & RNA Not very common in Biosphere Not very common in Biosphere –Found Mostly As Inorganic Phosphate In: Rock & Soil Rock & Soil Ocean Sediments Ocean Sediments

41. Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus Does NOT Have An Atmosphere Phase

42. Phosphorus Cycle

43. Nutrient Limitation Primary Productivity Primary Productivity –Rate at which organic matter is created Limiting Nutrient Limiting Nutrient –Lack of nutrient slows productivity Human addition of nutrients upsets balance – algal blooms. Human addition of nutrients upsets balance – algal blooms.

44. Nutrient Limitation Fertilizers Fertilizers –Usually Contain Three Limiting Nutrients Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorous Phosphorous Potassium Potassium Oceans Oceans –Nitrogen is the Limiting Nutrient Freshwater Freshwater –Phosphorous is the Limiting Nutrient