1. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Distributed Generation Interconnection Standards IREC Interconnection Workshop Wichita, KS October 1, 2003 Chris Larsen Larsen Consulting Solutions, Inc. Slides courtesy of Chuck Whitaker, Endecon Engineering

2. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Utility Interconnection Requirements Regulatory Agency Interconnection RulesRegulatory Agency Interconnection Rules –State PUCs, FERC, Muni Boards Equipment and Facility Requirement StandardsEquipment and Facility Requirement Standards –IEEE 929, IEEE 1547, IEEE 1547.2 Product Testing StandardsProduct Testing Standards –UL1741, UL2200, IEEE P1547.1, NEMA, etc.

3. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Presentation Overview IEEE 929IEEE 929 IEEE 1547 FamilyIEEE 1547 Family –1547 –1547.1 –1547.2 –1547.3 UL 1741UL 1741

4. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G 1.Standards : documents with mandatory requirements (shall) 2.Recommended Practices : documents in which procedures and positions preferred by the IEEE are presented (should) 3.Guides : documents in which alternative approaches to good practice are suggested but no clear-cut recommendations are made (may) IEEE Standards are Voluntary. IEEE Standards Classification

5. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 Passed by IEEE Standards Board in January, 2000.Passed by IEEE Standards Board in January, 2000. Provides an excellent primer on PV inverter interconnection issues.Provides an excellent primer on PV inverter interconnection issues.

6. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G The Need for PV Interconnection Standards lMany utilities were using rotating machinery requirements for PV systems lMany of the Interconnection Requirements were established in early PURPA days too many requirements too many requirements telemetery and Utility Grade relays telemetery and Utility Grade relays special (and costly) engineering were needed for each specific utility requirements special (and costly) engineering were needed for each specific utility requirements

7. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Purpose of IEEE 929 This recommended practice contains guidance regarding equipment and functions necessary to ensure compatible operation of photovoltaic systems which are connected in parallel with the electric utility. This includes factors relating to personnel safety, equipment protection, power quality and utility system operation.This recommended practice contains guidance regarding equipment and functions necessary to ensure compatible operation of photovoltaic systems which are connected in parallel with the electric utility. This includes factors relating to personnel safety, equipment protection, power quality and utility system operation. Addresses only the Interconnection Equipment technical requirementsAddresses only the Interconnection Equipment technical requirements

8. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G What Does IEEE 929 Really Impact? PV Array Inverter M Utility System

9. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929 Outline Introduction 1. Overview (scope & purpose) 2. References 3. Definitions (inverter, islanding, PCC, quality factor, etc.) 4. Power quality 5. Safety and protection functions Annexes

10. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 Power Quality Power quality problems in general are rising because of proliferation of non-linear loads on utility systems -- all customers sufferPower quality problems in general are rising because of proliferation of non-linear loads on utility systems -- all customers suffer PV should not add to that problemPV should not add to that problem Addresses:Addresses: 1. Service Voltage 1. Service Voltage 2. Voltage Flicker 3. Frequency 4. Waveform Distortion (IEEE 519) 5. Power Factor

11. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 Safety and Protection Functions 1. Response to Abnormal Utility Conditions a. Voltage Disturbances a. Voltage Disturbances b. Frequency Disturbances b. Frequency Disturbances c. Islanding Protection c. Islanding Protection d. Reconnect After a Utility Disturbance d. Reconnect After a Utility Disturbance 2. Direct Current Isolation 3. Grounding 4. Manual Disconnect

12. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 Response to Abnormal Utility Conditions *Trip time refers to the time between the abnormal condition being applied and the inverter ceasing to energize the utility line. The inverter will actually remain connected to the utility to allow sensing of utility electrical conditions for use by the reconnect feature.

13. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 Manual Disconnect Switch PV Array Inverter M Local Loads Utility System

14. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 929-2000 - Annexes Annex A (Normative) – Minimum Test Procedure for a Non-Islanding PV Inverter Annex A (Normative) – Minimum Test Procedure for a Non-Islanding PV Inverter Annex B (Informative) - Bibliography Annex B (Informative) - Bibliography Annex C - PV Inverters and the Utility Interface (Terminology) Annex C - PV Inverters and the Utility Interface (Terminology) Annex D - Disconnect Switches & Utility Procedures Annex D - Disconnect Switches & Utility Procedures Annex E - Islanding as it Applies to PV Systems Annex E - Islanding as it Applies to PV Systems Annex F - The PV Inverter Under Utility Fault Conditions Annex F - The PV Inverter Under Utility Fault Conditions Annex G - Dedicated Distribution Transformer Annex G - Dedicated Distribution Transformer

15. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 1547-2003 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems Approved at June 2003 IEEE Standards Board MeetingApproved at June 2003 IEEE Standards Board Meeting

16. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G 1547: Interconnection Is The Focus Distributed Resource (DR) unit Area Electric Power System (EPS) Interconnection System

17. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G 1547 Interconnection Terms

18. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE 1547-2003 Contents 1.1 Scope This standard establishes criteria and requirements for interconnection of distributed resources (DR) with electric power systems (EPS). 1.2 Purpose This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with electric power systems. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection. The requirements shall be met at the point of common coupling (PCC), although the devices used to meet these requirements can be located elsewhere. This standard applies to interconnection based on the aggregate rating of all the DR units that are within the Local EPS. The functions of the interconnection system hardware and software that affect the Area EPS are required to meet this standard regardless of their location on the EPS. The stated specifications and requirements, both technical and testing, are universally needed for interconnection of DR, including synchronous machines, induction machines, or power inverters/converters, and will be sufficient for most installations. 1 1 Additional technical requirements and/or tests may be necessary for some limited situations.

19. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G INTRODUCTION 1.0OVERVIEW 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Limitations 2.0REFERENCES 3.0DEFINITIONS IEEE 1547-2003 Contents

20. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G 4.0INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 4.1 General Requirements 4.2 Response to Area EPS Abnormal Conditions 4.3 Power Quality 4.4 Islanding 5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 5.1Design Test 5.2Production Tests 5.3Interconnection Installation Evaluation 5.4Commissioning Tests 5.5Periodic Interconnection Tests ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY IEEE 1547-2003 Contents

21. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE P1547.1 Verifies Conformance to IEEE 1547-2003 Provides Test Procedures and order, but does not define a comprehensive Certification Process Draft Standard for Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems

22. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE P1547.1 Purpose: Interconnection equipment that connects distributed resources (DR) to an electric power system (EPS) must meet the requirements specified in IEEE Standard P1547. Standardized test procedures are necessary to establish and verify compliance with those requirements. These test procedures must provide both repeatable results, independent of test location, and flexibility to accommodate a variety of DR technologies.

23. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE P1547.1 Outline 1.0 Overview 2.0 References 3.0 Definitions 4.0 General Requirements 5.0 Type Tests 6.0 Production Tests 7.0 Commissioning Tests Annex A (Normative) Test Signals Annex B (Informative) Bibliography Annex C (Informative) Sample Data Pages for Temperature Stability Test

24. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE P1547.1 Status Writing Committee is preparing Draft 3 for review at Nov 12-14 workgroup meetingWriting Committee is preparing Draft 3 for review at Nov 12-14 workgroup meeting Section 5 (Type Tests) is fairly well developedSection 5 (Type Tests) is fairly well developed Section 6 (Production Tests) has first cuts for most elementsSection 6 (Production Tests) has first cuts for most elements Section 7 (Commissioning Test) is under initial developmentSection 7 (Commissioning Test) is under initial development Expect to have document approved by June 2005Expect to have document approved by June 2005

25. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G IEEE P1547.2 Scope: This guide provides technical background and application details to support the understanding of IEEE 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems. Draft Application Guide For IEEE Std. 1547, Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems

26. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G What P1547.2 is Intended to Do Providing technical background Providing application details Characterizing various forms of DR technologies Characterizing associated interconnection issues Discussing background and rationale of the technical requirements in terms of the operation of the interconnection Presenting good practice approaches Support understanding and facilitate use of IEEE 1547 by

27. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G 27 Title IEEE P1547.3 Draft Guide For Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems Scope This document provides guidelines for monitoring, information exchange, and control for distributed resources (DR) interconnected with electric power systems (EPS). IEEE P1547.3

28. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Dr. Richard DeBlasio ddeblasi@nrel.gov (303) 275 - 4333 Mr. Tom S. Basso thomas_basso@nrel.gov (303) 275 - 3753 IEEE SCC21 -- IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, & Energy Storage http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/ 1547 web sites http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.1/1547.1_index.html http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.2/1547.2_index.html http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.3/1547.3_index.html 28 IEEE SCC 21 Contact Information

29. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G UL 1741 Standard for Inverters, Converters and Controllers for Use In Independent Power Systems Addresses: Electric Shock HazardsElectric Shock Hazards Fire HazardsFire Hazards Mechanical HazardsMechanical Hazards Utility Compatibility and Interconnection for Grid Tied ApplicationsUtility Compatibility and Interconnection for Grid Tied Applications

30. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Utility Compatibility and Interconnection Concerns The following performance parameters are safety issuesThe following performance parameters are safety issues –Utility operating voltage and frequency parameters –Islanding protection –Output Power Quality

31. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Islanding Protection Islanding is when a distributed source continues to operate, feeding power into a portion of the grid when the utility source is no longer present. This situation presents many hazards including lethal electric shock to utility service personnel that think that the load side of the utility transmission line is electrically dead.Islanding is when a distributed source continues to operate, feeding power into a portion of the grid when the utility source is no longer present. This situation presents many hazards including lethal electric shock to utility service personnel that think that the load side of the utility transmission line is electrically dead.

34. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Power Quality These utility interconnected DG products must meet minimum output power quality requirementsThese utility interconnected DG products must meet minimum output power quality requirements –Output power Factor 0.85% or higher –Harmonic Distortion <5% at full output power –DC Injection minimized to < 0.5% of rated output current

35. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G UL 1741 Expansion to Cover the Interconnect of All Types of DG UL1741 New Title - The Standard For Inverters, Converters and Controllers For Use In Independent Power Production Systems.UL1741 New Title - The Standard For Inverters, Converters and Controllers For Use In Independent Power Production Systems. –Photovoltaic Modules –Fuel Cells –Micro-turbines –Wind and Hydro Turbines –Engine Gen-Set Interconnect Controllers

36. E N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O NE N D E C O N E N G I N E E R I N G Tim Zgonena Underwriters Laboratories Inc. 333 Pfingsten Rd. Northbrook, IL 60062 847-272-8800 ext. 43051 timothy.p.zgonena@us.ul.com