1. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Topic 4.1 Ecology
IB DP – CORE

2. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Essential idea:
The continued survival of living organisms including humans depends on sustainable communities.

3. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Nature of science: :
Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies—
(i.e. Discrepancy -- plants and algae are mostly autotrophic but some are not. )

4. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Assessment Statement
Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem and ecology

5. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Basic Concepts
Species : a group of organism that can interbreed & produce fertile offspring.(have a common gene pool).
Habitat: the environment in which species normally lives (location).
Population: a group of the organism of the same species ,living in the same area at the same time.
Community: a group of populations living & interacting with each other in an area.
Ecology: the study of relationships between living organisms & their environment.

6. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Environment
Its everything which surrounds an organism.
It has 4 main components
Hydrosphere (water)
Atmosphere (gases)
Lithosphere (rocks)
Biosphere (all living beings)
The first 3 are abiotic components while the 4th is the Biotic component

7. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Assessment Statement
Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph.

8. Autotrophs & heterotrophs
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Autotrophs & heterotrophs

9. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Autotrophs are the species with the capacity to make their own food.
Eg.:cynobacteria, Algae,Grass, Trees.
Hetrotrophs are the species which do not have the capacity to produce their own food.
Eg.:animals,fish,zooplanktons.
Three type of heterotrophs :
consumers
detritivore
saprotroph

10. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Assessment Statement
Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs

11. Detrivores & saprotrophs
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Detrivores & saprotrophs
Detrivores are the organism that consumes dead organic matter.
Eg.: earthworm, woodlice.
Saprotrophs are the organisms that live on, or in, dead organic matter. (digesting the food by secreting enzymes)
Eg. Bacteria, Fungus.
Watch Videos:
Jae Rhim Lee My mushroom burial suit.mp4
Paul Stamets 6 ways mushrooms can save the world.mp4
Secret life of the beetles, featuring a macaw, owl and pheasant _ Natural History Museum.mp4

12. 15 minute Vocabulary Practice
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
15 minute Vocabulary Practice
Study Individually – 3 minutes
Read the definition to your partner – your partner guesses definition – 3 minutes
Switch with partner. – 3 minutes
Read vocabulary word to partner – Partner describes definition – 3 minutes
Switch – 3 minutes

13. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Vocabulary Practice
Autotroph:
Heterotroph:
Consumer:
Detritivore:
Saprotroph:
Species.
Habitat.
Population.
Community
Ecosystem:
Ecology:

14. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Assessment Statement
State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients.

17. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Assessment Statement
Explain that energy can enter and leave an ecosystem, but that nutrients must be recycled. Energy enters as light and usually leaves as heat.

19. Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
Nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

20. Nutrient Cycle vs. Food Chain

21. The Carbon Nutrient Cycle
CO2 in Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Volcanic activity
feeding
Respiration
Erosion
Human activity
Respiration
Decomposition
CO2 in Ocean
Uplift
Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock. 
Deposition
Photosynthesis
feeding
Fossil fuel
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks 21

22. IB Assessment Statement
Distinguish between organic and inorganic nutrients. (Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon are regarded as organic.)

23. Organic Nutrients/ Compounds
Organic Compounds are compounds containing carbon found in living things
BUT there are exceptions are classified as NON-organic
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Monoxide(CO).
Hydrogen Carbonates (HCO3- )
Organic compounds are based on carbon and are found in living things. There are a number of exceptions including
hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- ), carbon dioxide (CO2 )and Carbon monoxide (CO).
Inorganic compounds are by default all the molecules other than those in the category above.

24. Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules
Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based organic compounds
Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds

25. Inorganic Nutrients Species need to survive
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Inorganic Nutrients Species need to survive
Living organisms need a supply of chemicals elements from the environment.

26. Essential Elements of Life
About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 99% of living matter
Most of the remaining 1% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and sulfur

27. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Autotrophs obtain all the elements they need from inorganic sources, include carbon and nitrogen
Heterotrophs obtain carbon and nitrogen from their food (other living organisms). They do obtain other inorganic elements such as sodium, potassium and calcium from the abiotic (non-living world)

28. Sustainability of Ecosystem
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Sustainability of Ecosystem
Something is Sustainable - if something that can continue indefinitely
There are three requirements for sustainability
Nutrient availability
Detoxification of waste products
energy availability

29. Mesocosms – Lab/ practical 5
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Mesocosms – Lab/ practical 5
Mesocosm are small experimental areas that are set up as ecological experiments.
i.e. Small fenced off enclosures in grasslands and forests can be used –VIDEO – EVOLUTION minnows in MEXICO illustrates mesocosms
We will create a sustainable mesocosm for a lab.

30. Community & Populations SKILL
Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Community & Populations SKILL
A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting.
SKILL : Test for the association between species using Chi-Square Sampling with data obtained by quadrat sampling.

31. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai
Chi-Square Tutorial