1. Chapter 9 Pursuing Security

2. Causes of War 1.System-Level Causes: wars may be caused by a number of factors related to the general nature of the world’s political system. Distribution of Power Anarchical nature of system Economic factors System-level biosphere stress

3. Causes of War 2.State-Level Causes: War may result from the very nature of states. Militarism Externalization of internal conflict Type of country Political culture

4. Causes of War 3. Individual-Level Causes: War is linked to the character of individual leaders or to the nature of the human species. Human Characteristics Individual Leaders Characteristics

5. Force Political Tactic Applications vary Effectiveness measure: cost/benefit analysis, goal attainment

6. Changing Nature of War Warfare has changed greatly b/c 1.Technology 2.Nationalism 3.Strategy: Power to defeat vs. Power to hurt

7. Classifying Warfare Defensive Warfare: acts of self- defense. Offensive Warfare: Making the first attack; assailant; aggressive Preemptive warfare: stave off greater conflict, forestall hostile events

8. Terrorism 1.Violence 2.Carried out by individuals 3.Specifically targets civilians 4.Uses clandestine methods 5.Attempts to influence politics

9. Types of Terrorism State Terrorism: Terrorism carried out directly by an established government’s clandestine operatives or by others who have been specifically encouraged and funded by a country.

10. Types of Terrorism Transnational Terrorism: Terrorist groups that are organized and operate internationally; can cross borders

11. Tactics Conventional Weapons Radiological Weapons Chemical and Biological

12. Combating Terrorism Unconventional Force -- Arms Transfers -- Special Operations Conventional Force -- Military action --War Arms Control Peacekeeping