1. Chapter 14 - Evolution1 Evolution: ‘ Changes over time’ Chapter 14 Pages 506 - 563

2. Chapter 14 - Evolution2 Fossils: ‘evidence of past life’ When organisms die – microbial action causes their decomposition, and after a period no trace remains. When organisms die – microbial action causes their decomposition, and after a period no trace remains. Very rarely – the remains are preserved long after death in a process of fossilisation. Very rarely – the remains are preserved long after death in a process of fossilisation. Fossils are found in either the form of a mould or a cast. Fossils are found in either the form of a mould or a cast.

3. Chapter 14 - Evolution3 Fossils: ‘evidence of past life’ Fossils are evidence of organisms that lived on planet Earth in the geological past. Fossils are evidence of organisms that lived on planet Earth in the geological past. Fossil evidence may be direct, such as bones, teeth, leaves and shells. Fossil evidence may be direct, such as bones, teeth, leaves and shells. Fossil evidence may also be indirect, such as footprints, tracks, teeth marks, nests, burrows and faeces. Fossil evidence may also be indirect, such as footprints, tracks, teeth marks, nests, burrows and faeces. These indirect fossils are known as trace fossils. These indirect fossils are known as trace fossils.

4. Chapter 14 - Evolution4 Fossils: ‘evidence of past life’

5. Chapter 14 - Evolution5 The Fossil Record

6. Chapter 14 - Evolution6 The Fossil Record Scientists that specialise in the study of fossils are known as paleontologists. Scientists that specialise in the study of fossils are known as paleontologists. Every fossil, observation, deduction and analysis of paleontologists goes towards constructing the Fossil Record of the Earth. Every fossil, observation, deduction and analysis of paleontologists goes towards constructing the Fossil Record of the Earth. Sheet RA2 – The Fossil Record Sheet RA2 – The Fossil Record

7. Chapter 14 - Evolution7 The History of Life on Earth Work completed by geologists suggest that the Earth is approximately 4500 million years old. Work completed by geologists suggest that the Earth is approximately 4500 million years old. Fig 14,14 – Geological Time Scale p520 Fig 14,14 – Geological Time Scale p520 Questions 1-8 Questions 1-8

8. Chapter 14 - Evolution8 The History of Life on Earth

9. Chapter 14 - Evolution9 The History of Life on Earth

10. Chapter 14 - Evolution10 The History of Life on Earth

11. Chapter 14 - Evolution11 Exploring the Fossil Record

12. Chapter 14 - Evolution12 Exploring the Fossil Record

13. Chapter 14 - Evolution13 Exploring the Fossil Record

14. Chapter 14 - Evolution14 Exploring the Fossil Record

15. Chapter 14 - Evolution15 Exploring the Fossil Record Exploring the fossil record Exploring the fossil record Fig 14.21 – Simplified Fossil Record p528 Fig 14.21 – Simplified Fossil Record p528 Fig 14.23 page 530 Fig 14.23 page 530

16. Chapter 14 - Evolution16 Evolution The concept that species can change and give rise to new forms is known as evolution. The concept that species can change and give rise to new forms is known as evolution. Evidence that living things can evolve over time come from several sources including: Evidence that living things can evolve over time come from several sources including: The Fossil Record The Fossil Record Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Anatomy & Embryology Comparative Anatomy & Embryology Geographic Distributions Geographic Distributions

17. Chapter 14 - Evolution17 Intermediate Forms in the Fossil Record If new species arise by evolution from ancestral species, it would be predicted that the fossil record would reveal some fossils that are intermediate (similar) between forms. If new species arise by evolution from ancestral species, it would be predicted that the fossil record would reveal some fossils that are intermediate (similar) between forms. Birds are believed to have evolved from a group of reptiles. Comparison with the fossil record has backed this theory up. Birds are believed to have evolved from a group of reptiles. Comparison with the fossil record has backed this theory up.

18. Chapter 14 - Evolution18 Comparative Biochemistry If organisms are related by evolution – they should show similarities in their molecular composition. If organisms are related by evolution – they should show similarities in their molecular composition. Using a method called DNA- Hybridisation, similarities in organisms DNA can be seen. Using a method called DNA- Hybridisation, similarities in organisms DNA can be seen. Fig 14.29 – The process of DNA Hybridisation p525 Fig 14.29 – The process of DNA Hybridisation p525 Sheet DA2 – DNA Hybridisation p320 Sheet DA2 – DNA Hybridisation p320

19. Chapter 14 - Evolution19 DNA Hybridisation

20. Chapter 14 - Evolution20 DNA Hybridisation

21. Chapter 14 - Evolution21 DNA Hybridisation

22. Chapter 14 - Evolution22 Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures Homologous Structures Refers to structures in different kinds of organisms that have a similar basic pattern even though they may serve a different purpose. Refers to structures in different kinds of organisms that have a similar basic pattern even though they may serve a different purpose. Fig 14.25 – Homology of Forelimbs p532 Fig 14.25 – Homology of Forelimbs p532 Sheet A2 – Homologous Structures Sheet A2 – Homologous Structures

23. Chapter 14 - Evolution23 Homologous Structures

24. Chapter 14 - Evolution24 Homologous Structures

25. Chapter 14 - Evolution25 Comparative Anatomy Analogous Structures Analogous Structures Refers to body structures that carry out a similar function but may have a different basic structure. A fly’s wing is analogous to a bat’s wing – but it is not homologous to it. A fly’s wing is analogous to a bat’s wing – but it is not homologous to it.

26. Chapter 14 - Evolution26 Analogous Structures

27. Chapter 14 - Evolution27 Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Organs Vestigial Organs If organisms are related by evolution – they may show the presence of a functionless or reduced remnant of an organ or limb. Sheet A2 – Vestigial Organs Sheet A2 – Vestigial Organs

28. Chapter 14 - Evolution28 Vestigial Organs

29. Chapter 14 - Evolution29 Comparative Embryology

30. Chapter 14 - Evolution30 Geographic Distributions The observed geographic distribution of organisms provides evidence for their evolution over time. The observed geographic distribution of organisms provides evidence for their evolution over time. If a new species arise by evolution then it may be predicted that species living in an isolated geographic region will be more similar to species that lived in that region in the past than to species found in a distant region with similar environmental conditions. If a new species arise by evolution then it may be predicted that species living in an isolated geographic region will be more similar to species that lived in that region in the past than to species found in a distant region with similar environmental conditions. Sheet A2 – Geographical Distribution Sheet A2 – Geographical Distribution

31. Chapter 14 - Evolution31 Geographic Distributions

32. Chapter 14 - Evolution32 Divergent Evolution Divergent Evolution or Adaptive Radiation occurs when one ancestral species changes over geological time to give rise to many new species – each of which occupies a different habitat and ecological niche. Divergent Evolution or Adaptive Radiation occurs when one ancestral species changes over geological time to give rise to many new species – each of which occupies a different habitat and ecological niche. Australian Marsupial Mammals show adaptive radiation in full effect (ie Kangaroo, Platypus, Tasmanian Devil, Echidna) Australian Marsupial Mammals show adaptive radiation in full effect (ie Kangaroo, Platypus, Tasmanian Devil, Echidna)

33. Chapter 14 - Evolution33 Divergent Evolution

34. Chapter 14 - Evolution34 Divergent Evolution

35. Chapter 14 - Evolution35 Divergent Evolution

36. Chapter 14 - Evolution36 Divergent Evolution

37. Chapter 14 - Evolution37 Divergent Evolution Sheet A2 – Patterns of Evolution Sheet A2 – Patterns of Evolution Sheet RDA2 – Adaptive Radiation in Ratites Sheet RDA2 – Adaptive Radiation in Ratites Sheet RDA3 – Adaptive Radiation in Mammals Sheet RDA3 – Adaptive Radiation in Mammals

38. Chapter 14 - Evolution38 Convergent Evolution Over geological time, natural selection may act on distantly related species to produce superficial similarities that are not due to shared ancestry, but reflect the fact that the species are adapted to a similar niche. Over geological time, natural selection may act on distantly related species to produce superficial similarities that are not due to shared ancestry, but reflect the fact that the species are adapted to a similar niche. This situation is known as convergent evolution or adaptive convergence. This situation is known as convergent evolution or adaptive convergence.

39. Chapter 14 - Evolution39 Convergent Evolution

40. Chapter 14 - Evolution40 Convergent Evolution

41. Chapter 14 - Evolution41 Chapter Review Key Words page 560 Key Words page 560 Chatpter Questions pg 560 – 564 Chatpter Questions pg 560 – 564 BioChallenge pg 559 BioChallenge pg 559