1. Introduction to Neuroscience Dr Claire Gibson School of Psychology, University of Leicester cg95@le.ac.uk PS1000

2. 2 1.Functional Neuroanatomy – The Nervous System and Behaviour 2.Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System

3. PS10003 Functional Neuroanatomy The Nervous System and Behaviour Overview Cells of the nervous system (NS) Gross neuroanatomy Introduction to the larger-scale neural structures that are constructed from the cellular building blocks Functional neuroanatomy Correlating anatomy with behaviour

4. PS10004 Cells of the nervous system Nerve cells (neurons) –specialised cells –convey sensory information into the brain –transmit commands from the brain to control organs and muscles, –thought, feeling, action –form complex circuits Glial cells –support (variety of mechanisms)

5. PS10005 The Neuron Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Neurons were continuous with one another Nearly endless network of connected tubes Revolutionary staining Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) Used Golgi’s staining techniques Neurones are not continuous with one anotehr Small gaps exist

6. PS10006 The Neuron Doctrine States that; The brain is composed of separate neurons (and other cells) that are independent structurally, metabolically and functionally. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses – Charles Sherrington).

7. PS10007

8. 8 Structure of the Neuron Common to all neurons; 1.Input zone Cellular extensions (dendrites) which receive inputs from other neurones, branched 2.Integration zone Cell body region 3.Conduction zone A single extension (axon) transmits information away from the cell body 4.Output zone Axon terminals (synaptic boutons), communicate the cell’s activity to other cells

9. PS10009 Classification of neurones 1.Shape 2.Size 3.Function

10. PS100010 Classification of neurones 1.Bipolar neurones 2.Monopolar neurones 3.Multipolar neurones 1.Shape

11. PS100011 Classification of neurones 2.Size considerable variety in shape and size larger neurones more complex inputs/outputs cover greater distances convey information more rapidly ….than smaller neurones

12. PS100012 Classification of neurones 3.Function i) motor neuron (motoneuron) located in spinal cord, transmits information from the spinal cord to the muscles, ii) sensory neuron a neuron directly affected by changes in the environment (e.g. touch) iii) Interneuron neither a sensory or motoneuron, receives information from and sends output to other neurones,

13. PS100013 Glial cells Glia = glue (greek) Originally thought to simply ‘stick’ NS together Structural support Communicate (with each other and neurones) Directly affect neuronal functioning –Provide raw materials and chemical signals –Directly affect neuronal structure and excitability,

14. PS100014 Glial cells Main types; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells Neuron cell body Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte Dendrites

15. PS100015 Synapses (PS1003)

16. PS100016 The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) –Brain –Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) –Cranial nerves –Spinal nerves –Autonomic nervous system

17. PS100017 The Brain 1400g (~2% body weight) Cerebral hemispheres Convolutions = folding= gyri (gyrus) Separated from each other by sulci (sulcus) White matter – fiber tracts Grey matter – cell bodies and dendrites (lack myelin) CNS = hierarchial

18. PS100018 Forebrain Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus Cerebral hemispheres –Frontal –Parietal –Occipital –Temporal (bones) Corpus callosum

19. PS100019 StructureMajor Function Frontal Lobe Motor cortex Basal ganglia Broca’s area Prefrontal cortex Plans and executes voluntary movements Smoothes movements Controls speech Planning, impulse control Parietal lobes Somatosensory cortex Association cortex Projection area for body senses Location of body and objects in space Temporal lobes Auditory cortex Wernicke’s area Inferior temporal cortex Auditory information Language area – meaning Visual identification of objects Occipital lobes Primary visual cortex Visual association cortex Projection area for visual information Processes components of visual information

20. PS100020 Support and nourishment for the brain

21. PS100021 Support and nourishment for the brain Ventricular system Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Choroid plexus

22. PS100022 Relating structure to function The case of Phineas Gage (1848) 25-yr old construction worker 3.5 foot long tamping iron through cheek and out of skull Regained consciousness, talk, walk, No impairment of; speech, learning, memory, intelligence Dramatic personality changes Post-mortem – damage to both areas of frontal lobe for processing emotions and making rational decisions Localisation of function

23. PS100023 Summary Neurons and glia The neuron doctrine Classification of neurons Anatomy of the brain (forebrain) Support and nourishment for the brain – meninges, CSF Localisation of functions within the brain