1. Conquest and Colonies

2.  Spirit of discover and innovation b/c of Renaissance  Money  Get rid of middle man (Italian merchants)  Faster routes to Asia  Prestige  Christianize  Curiosity

3.  Compass  Astrolabe  Mapmaking  Cartographer  Shipbuilding  Deep-draft ships  Caravel

4.  The first  Henry the Navigator  Court of sailors  Explored African coast  Goal= route from Africa to India  Bartolomeu Dias  Cape of Good Hope  Vasco Da Gama  Reached Calicut, India

5.  Christopher Columbus  Sail west to China  Reached the Caribbean  Amerigo Vespucci  Ferdinand Magellan  Circumnavigate

6.  England  John Cabot- Canada  Sir Francis Drake- Western U.S.  France  Jacques Cartier- St Lawrence River  Dutch  Henry Hudson- Northwest passage

7.  Settled colonies in America  Conquered the Aztecs and Incas

8.  First region settled by the Spanish  Hispaniola and Cuba  Encomienda system  Colonists given land and NA to work land  Colonists then had to teach NA about Christianity  NA overworked and mistreated  Europeans brought diseases  Smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, etc.  NA had no resistance to diseases

9.  Hernan Cortes, a conquistador  Aztec emperor= Moctezuma II  Aztecs  Rich and powerful  Not popular among those they conquered  Capital= Tenochtitlan  Cortes and unhappy NA soldiers conquered Aztec Empire

10.  Malinche- translator to Cortes  Metal weapons and heavy armor  Horses- NA had never seen horses before  Disease

11.  Wanted wealth from Inca Empire  Inca Empire weakened by disease and new ruler  Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to Christianity and give empire to Spain  Atahaulpa refused and was killed  Pizarro then easily took over the empire

12.  Viceroys- officials to rule in king’s name  Mined gold and silver  NA population dropped more than 90%  Bartolome de Las Casas- didn’t like treatment of NA  Replace NA slaves with African slaves

13.  Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- imaginary line through Atlantic  West of line belonged to Spain  East of line belonged to Portugal  Brazil= lots of jungles  Made farming difficult  Portuguese slow to settle the region

14.  French settled in New France, aka Canada  Lots of fish in North Atlantic  Fox, lynx, otter, and other furs= hot commodities in Europe  French merely sent small groups of traders  Didn’t enslave NA- intermingled  French also explored south of Canada  Mississippi River  Louisiana

15.  Looking for trade opportunities  New Netherland- Hudson River Valley  New Amsterdam- New York City  Dutch colonies in America remained relatively small  Dutch focused on developing colonies in other parts of the world

16.  Jamestown- first English colony  Pilgrims came too in 1620  Plymouth, Massachusetts  English colonists didn’t get along with NA

17.  British started settling on French territory  British did poorly at first  French eventually lost  Surrendered Canada and territory east of the Mississippi

18.  Exchanging of plants, animals, and disease  America- potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, or turkeys  Europe- coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, or cattle  New foods- healthier Europeans- lived longer  Diseases once again killed millions

19.  Nation’s wealth= nation’s strength/power  Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver  2 ways to get wealth  Mining and favorable balance of trade  Emphasis on establishment of colonies  Raw materials and new markets  Put restrictions on colonies

20.  Economy run by private individuals and companies  Investors willing to take risks  Joint-stock companies  Buying shares of stock in a company  British East India Company

21.  Shortage of laborers led to slave trade  NA killed by diseases and wars  Indentured servants too expensive  So, Africans became slaves in America  Triangular trade  Goods from Europe to Africa- African slaves to America- American products to Europe

22.  Slaves jammed into tight quarters  Chained together and dark  3 to 6 weeks  10-20% died on voyage

23.  Most slaves worked on plantations  Living conditions were harsh  Enslaved Africans= property by law  No rights, no freedoms  Reaction of slaves  Resisted by preserving culture  Religion  Rebellions  Escape

24.  Millions died  Deprived people of their freedoms  Future leaders of Africa gone  Divided Africans  Slave labor boosted American colonies  Those culture and descent spread in Americas