1. 1 Macromolecules

2. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. 3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C,H,O,N,P or SUsually with C,H,O,N,P or S. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

4. 4 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. 4 Groups of Macromolecules:4 Groups of Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5. 5 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

6. 6 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

7. 7 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

8. 8 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O

9. 9 Carbohydrates

10. 10 Carbohydrates/Sugars Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Types of Carbohydrates:Types of Carbohydrates: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

11. 11 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit or simple sugar, source of energy Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) known as “blood sugar”, 1:2:1 ratio C:H:Odeoxyriboseribosefructosegalactose glucose

12. 12 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) C 12 H 22 O 11 –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

13. Disaccharide – Maltose 13

14. 14 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

15. Polysaccharide - Starch 15

16. 16 Lipids

17. 17 Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are contain C, H, and OLipids are contain C, H, and O. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” 1. Triglycerides or neutral fats1. Triglycerides or neutral fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones

18. 18 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

19. 19 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

20. 20 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: solid @ room temp,no double bonds (bad), come from animals 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: liquid @ room temp, double bonds (good), come from plants O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

21. Phospholipids Form cell membranes copyright cmassengale21

22. copyright cmassengale22

23. Steroids Include cholesterol, bile, salts, vitamin D, and some hormones copyright cmassengale23

24. 24 Proteins copyright cmassengale

25. 25 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

26. 26 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

27. 27 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

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29. 29 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

30. 30 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

31. 31 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

32. 32 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

33. 33 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

34. 34 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

35. 35 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

36. 36 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA copyright cmassengale

37. 37copyright cmassengale