1. 1 Macromolecules

2. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. 3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

4. 4 Carbon (C) 1.Carbon has four valence electrons. It can form four different bonds with other carbon atoms or other atoms. 2.Carbon can form chains, branches, rings – a wide variety of shapes! 3.Can form unique, 3-D shapes. 4.Can form strong and stable bonds. 5.It form single, double or triple bonds.

5. 5 Carbon (C) 6. Carbon compounds do not readily dissociate in water. 7. There is no limit to the size of the molecule. 8. Can bond with a wide variety of other elements and functional groups. 9. Only carbon has all of these characteristics!

6. 6 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

7. 7 Question: What elements compose each of the types of macromolecules?

8. 8 Elements In Macromolecules Carbohydrates – C, H, O Proteins – C, H, O, N, sometimes S Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

9. 9 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

10. 10 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

11. 11 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

12. 12 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O

13. 13 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Always exists in a 1:2:1 ratio (C n H 2n O n ) Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

14. 14 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose

15. 15 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

16. 16 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

17. 17 Carbohydrates How do you recognize a sugar? All sugars end in “ose”

18. 18Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

19. 19 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

20. 20 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

21. 21 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

22. 22 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

23. 23 Nucleic acids Store coded genetic informationStore coded genetic information Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

24. 24 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

25. 25 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

26. 26 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA