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PublishPhyllis Sims Modified over 9 years ago
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Mexico City: Shantytowns
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Challenges to Rural Mind Set Breathtaking but isolated ◦ Domination of large land owners ◦ Traditional life style ◦ Modernization occurring disproportionately in the cities ◦ Communications orients rural residents to the advantages of urban life
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Nature of Migration The Journey Not poorest nor well-to- do Mean age 25-29 Not only those who worked in agriculture Move at varying stage of life cycle
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Women more likely to migrate than men Three women peer through a fence at the US-Mexico border in Tijuana Opportunities in countryside limited Domestic employment relatively easy to obtain
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◦ Many received assistance upon arrival in city – eased their adjustment Relatives have migrated earlier Migrants from the same community
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◦ Availability of land Vacant land on outskirts available for squatting Slopes and other relatively undesirable locations Seizures by force in times of turmoil
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Shantytowns (Favelas) of Rio de Janeiro
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Kinds of skills possessed by recently arrived migrants means - few experience transition from rural peasant to industrial worker Adaptation to new urban environment ◦ Rural clothing abandoned ◦ Don’t want to be butt of derisive jokes Families and the process of adjustment
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Tendency of urban poor to “float” ◦ Family obligations ◦ Dissatisfaction with tenor of city life Reverse migration limited largely to towns “Floating” much less common in the large cities
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Blue Collar ◦ Industrial workers (33%) ◦ Domestic & transport (8.5%)
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White collar (50% in some countries) ◦ Sales staff,(20%) ◦ Office Workers (12%) ◦ Professional & technical
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HIGH RATES OF POPULATION GROWTH LOW LEVELS OF PRODUCTIVITY HUGE SECTOR OF URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN ECONOMICALLY, SOCIALLY, AND POLITICALLY MARGINAL CONDITIONS
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Too many people working in wrong kind of economic activity Marginality syndrome Cities growing too quickly
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Rural development efforts Channel resources to rural projects Brasilia : a catalyst to internal migration Special Case of Havana
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Ciudad Bolivar CARACAS
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In 1960’s and 1970’s unemployment rates relatively low (except in Colombia) Problem: low pay rather than lack of job Unemployment rose in 1980’s ◦ Foreign competition ◦ State enterprises less efficient Unemployment declined in 1990’s - but greater skills demanded
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ILO definition – informal sector as the sum of the self-employed, excluding professionals, un family workers, and domestics Entry into more poorly remunerated activities Importance of location
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Some activities perform no effective economic role Some assist local capitalists (e.g: contracting out to seamstress in poor zones) ◦ Price ◦ Flexibility ◦ Keeps cost down in factory (reserve workers)
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Between 1950-80 declined in most countries, but remained stable in Brazil % urban residents living with informal sector seems to have increased since 1980 ◦ Recession ◦ Privatization ◦ Resistance to government
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Kinds of jobs ◦ Stalls in poorer markets ◦ In-home “shops” ◦ Domestics ◦ Sex for sale in the city Recession has forced increasing numbers of women into the workplace Pay ◦ Piece work keeps helps to keep pay low ◦ Cultural attitudes reinforce disparities in pay
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Scavenging and fetching Abandoned children Exploitation Urban gangs and crime
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