1. Reconstruction

2. Reconstruction The Civil War is over The Civil War is over Answer the following questions Answer the following questions How will you bring the former Confederate states back into the Union? How will you bring the former Confederate states back into the Union? Will there be any restrictions? Any requirements for them? Will there be any restrictions? Any requirements for them? What will you do with the former Confederate soldiers? Generals? Political leaders? What will you do with the former Confederate soldiers? Generals? Political leaders? There are now 4 million African Americans who were once slaves who are now free. They have no homes, no property, no jobs. What will you do with them? There are now 4 million African Americans who were once slaves who are now free. They have no homes, no property, no jobs. What will you do with them?

3. Plans for Reconstruction The Main Idea Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union. Reading Focus What challenges faced the South after the Civil War? What actions did Union leaders take during wartime to reconstruct the nation after the war’s end? How did Lincoln’s assassination affect the nation? Why did President Johnson and Congress differ over Reconstruction?

4. Challenges after the Civil War Much of the South in ruins Much of the South in ruins Over 1/5 of population dead Over 1/5 of population dead 4 million African Americans free 4 million African Americans free No education, no job, no money No education, no job, no money Former Confederate States Former Confederate States Conquered territories or states again? Conquered territories or states again? Former Confederate officers Former Confederate officers Forgive or punish? Forgive or punish?

5. Cost of the War: The South 94,000 KIA, 164,000 to disease, 194,026 wounded 94,000 KIA, 164,000 to disease, 194,026 wounded Spent $2,099,808,707 on war Spent $2,099,808,707 on war Livestock killed: 40% Livestock killed: 40% Farm machinery destroyed: 50% Farm machinery destroyed: 50% Drop in total property wealth: 66% Drop in total property wealth: 66% Total national wealth, 1860: 30% Total national wealth, 1860: 30% Total national wealth, 1870: 12% Total national wealth, 1870: 12%

7. Cost of the War: The North 110,100 killed in action 110,100 killed in action 224,580 to disease 224,580 to disease Of every 1,000 Federals in battle, 112 were wounded Of every 1,000 Federals in battle, 112 were wounded Spent $6,190,000,000 on war Spent $6,190,000,000 on war $2.5 million daily $2.5 million daily

8. Presidential Reconstruction

9. Lincoln’s 10% Plan  Dec 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Forgiveness to all southerners who pledged loyalty to Union & support of emancipation  except high-ranking officers When 10% took oath could organize new state government banning slavery 3 states readmitted before end of war  Arkansas, Louisiana, & Tennessee

10. Lincoln’s Inaugural Speech March 4, 1865 “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

11. Congress upset with Lincoln’s plan  Readmitting states a power of Congress  Secession illegal; southern states never left the Union  States should go through same admission process as territories  1864 Wade-Davis Bill Military governors to rule southern states Military governors to rule southern states Majority of white males pledge loyalty before elections could be held Majority of white males pledge loyalty before elections could be held South should be treated as conquered provinceSouth should be treated as conquered province Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill

12. Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater Watching Our American Cousin with wife and two guests Watching Our American Cousin with wife and two guests Actor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln Actor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln Part of a conspiracy Part of a conspiracy “Sic Semper Tyrannus” “Sic Semper Tyrannus” Vice President Johnson & Sec. of State William Seward were also targets Vice President Johnson & Sec. of State William Seward were also targets Johnson was not attacked Johnson was not attacked Seward was stabbed in bed Seward was stabbed in bed

13. Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15 Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15 Booth was killed while hiding in a barn Booth was killed while hiding in a barn 8 of his co-conspirators were tried & found guilty 8 of his co-conspirators were tried & found guilty 4 were hanged 4 were hanged Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt 4 were sentenced to prison 4 were sentenced to prison Andrew Johnson became president Andrew Johnson became president

14. Johnson’s Plan Similar to Lincoln’s plan Similar to Lincoln’s plan Confederate leaders & wealthy southerners had to apply for pardon Confederate leaders & wealthy southerners had to apply for pardon State must ratify 13 th Amendment State must ratify 13 th Amendment Outlawed slavery Outlawed slavery Republicans in Congress displeased with Johnson’s plan Republicans in Congress displeased with Johnson’s plan

15. Congressional Reconstruction

16. Southern reaction to Johnson’s plan Welcomed Johnson’s plan Welcomed Johnson’s plan New state governments were formed New state governments were formed Former Confederate officials were elected to public office Former Confederate officials were elected to public office Some were sent to Congress Some were sent to Congress Black Codes were passed Black Codes were passed Kept former slaves from attaining equality Kept former slaves from attaining equality Resented Freedman’s Bureau & occupying troops Resented Freedman’s Bureau & occupying troops

17. Radical Republicans Unhappy with presidential reconstruction because of: Unhappy with presidential reconstruction because of: Former Confederate leaders holding office Former Confederate leaders holding office Black Codes Black Codes Wanted tougher rules for restoring state governments Wanted tougher rules for restoring state governments Wanted to reshape southern society Wanted to reshape southern society Give Freedmen political & economic equality Give Freedmen political & economic equality Wanted to punish the South Wanted to punish the South

18. Congressional Reconstruction 1866 Congress passed two bills 1866 Congress passed two bills Continued support of Freedman’s Bureau Continued support of Freedman’s Bureau Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave blacks citizenship & outlawed discrimination Gave blacks citizenship & outlawed discrimination Johnson vetoed both bills Johnson vetoed both bills Angered moderate Republicans who then supported Radical Republicans Angered moderate Republicans who then supported Radical Republicans

20. Radical Reconstruction 14 th Amendment 14 th Amendment Granted blacks citizenship & made Bill of Rights apply to state governments Granted blacks citizenship & made Bill of Rights apply to state governments 4 Reconstruction Acts were passed over Johnson’s veto 4 Reconstruction Acts were passed over Johnson’s veto Divided South into 5 military districts Divided South into 5 military districts Set 3 conditions for state’s readmission Set 3 conditions for state’s readmission Must ratify 14 th Amendment Must ratify 14 th Amendment New state constitutions guaranteeing black vote New state constitutions guaranteeing black vote Form new gov’t. elected by all male citizens Form new gov’t. elected by all male citizens

22. Radical Reconstruction Tenure of Office Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act, 1867 Senate approval to remove any appointed official that Senate had approved Senate approval to remove any appointed official that Senate had approved Johnson challenged the law by firing Sec. of War Edwin Stanton Johnson challenged the law by firing Sec. of War Edwin Stanton Congress impeached Johnson Congress impeached Johnson 1 vote shy of removing him 1 vote shy of removing him Fifteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Protected voting rights of African-American males Protected voting rights of African-American males

23. Radical Reconstruction Johnson’s impeachment Edward Stanton, Lincoln’s secretary of war, had stayed on in Johnson’s cabinet. Edward Stanton, Lincoln’s secretary of war, had stayed on in Johnson’s cabinet. Stanton supported congressional Republicans and prevented Johnson from undermining Congress’s program. In response, Johnson fired him. Stanton supported congressional Republicans and prevented Johnson from undermining Congress’s program. In response, Johnson fired him. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored. Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored. The Fifteenth Amendment During the impeachment trial, Republicans nominated General Grant as their presidential candidate. During the impeachment trial, Republicans nominated General Grant as their presidential candidate. The 1868 election was close, but the African American vote in the South gave Grant an electoral college victory. The 1868 election was close, but the African American vote in the South gave Grant an electoral college victory. Republicans pushed through the Fifteenth Amendment, which extended suffrage to all African American males nationwide. Republicans pushed through the Fifteenth Amendment, which extended suffrage to all African American males nationwide. This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race. This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race.

24. Radical Governments Political power in the South shifted Political power in the South shifted Carpetbaggers Carpetbaggers Northerners who were in the South Northerners who were in the South Scalawags Scalawags Southerners who supported Radical Reconstruction Southerners who supported Radical Reconstruction Freedmen Freedmen 700 African Americans served in state legislature 700 African Americans served in state legislature 16 elected to Congress 16 elected to Congress Created first public schools, eliminated property requirements for voting, illegalized discrimination, repealed Black Codes Created first public schools, eliminated property requirements for voting, illegalized discrimination, repealed Black Codes

26. Freedmen Some: Some: –Sought long-lost relatives –Owned land or got a job –Moved to cities Faced discrimination & low pay Faced discrimination & low pay –Moved West Soldiers & cowboys Soldiers & cowboys –Sought education Freedman’s Bureau established 4000+ schools Freedman’s Bureau established 4000+ schools –Established churches Most remained in the South Most remained in the South

28. Freedmen Sharecropping Sharecropping –Work for someone in exchange for a share of the crop –By late 1870s most freedmen were sharecroppers –Employer provided land, seed, tools, etc. Tenant farming Tenant farming –Renting land from the landowner –Grow any crop

30. Violence South very violent during Reconstruction South very violent during Reconstruction KKK & others attacked black leaders & members of the Freedman’s Bureau KKK & others attacked black leaders & members of the Freedman’s Bureau Southerners wanted to restore the old political & social order Southerners wanted to restore the old political & social order Congress passed Enforcement Acts, 1870-71 Congress passed Enforcement Acts, 1870-71 Set heavy penalties for trying to prevent someone from voting Set heavy penalties for trying to prevent someone from voting Gave army & federal courts power to punish the KKK Gave army & federal courts power to punish the KKK

31. Discontent with Reconstruction People were dismayed that the army remained in the South People were dismayed that the army remained in the South Republican governments appeared ineffective, insufficient, & corrupt Republican governments appeared ineffective, insufficient, & corrupt Blacks were unhappy: still impoverished & no land reform Blacks were unhappy: still impoverished & no land reform South’s poor economic condition South’s poor economic condition

32. End of Reconstruction By 1870s support for Reconstruction was declining By 1870s support for Reconstruction was declining Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner died Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner died Lawlessness was increasing in the South Lawlessness was increasing in the South Northerners were getting tired of South’s problems Northerners were getting tired of South’s problems

33. Election of 1876 (R) Rutherford B. Hayes v. (D) Samuel J. Tilden (R) Rutherford B. Hayes v. (D) Samuel J. Tilden Tilden won popular vote & led in majority of electoral votes Tilden won popular vote & led in majority of electoral votes Votes in South were disputed, so Tilden lacked majority of electoral votes Votes in South were disputed, so Tilden lacked majority of electoral votes Two sets of returns from some states Two sets of returns from some states Compromise Compromise Republican congressional commission gave votes to Hayes Republican congressional commission gave votes to Hayes Republicans agreed to pull troops out of the South ending Reconstruction Republicans agreed to pull troops out of the South ending Reconstruction