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2.  CompoundsCARBON organic  Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.  Macromoleculesorganic molecules  Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale2

3.  Carbon4 electrons  Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.  Carboncovalent bonds 4  Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or N  Usually with C, H, O or N.  Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale3

4.  Large organic molecules. POLYMERS  Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS  Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.  Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale4

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6. “condensation reaction”  Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”  Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. copyright cmassengale6 HOH HH H2OH2O

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8. monomers“adding water”  Separates monomers by “adding water” copyright cmassengale8 HO HH H H2OH2O

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10.  Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules  Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.  Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale10

11. Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose copyright cmassengale11 glucose

12. Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: ◦ Sucrose (glucose+fructose) ◦ Lactose (glucose+galactose) ◦ Maltose (glucose+glucose) copyright cmassengale12 glucoseglucose

13. Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) copyright cmassengale13 glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

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15. not soluble in water  General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solvents  Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.  Remember:“stores the most energy”  Remember: “stores the most energy”  Examples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale15

16. Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale16

17. Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. copyright cmassengale17 H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

18. fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) copyright cmassengale18 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

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20. peptide bonds polypeptides  Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).  Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale20

21. Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale21

22. peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) copyright cmassengale22 aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

23. primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds  3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.  Two examples: copyright cmassengale23 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

24.  Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangement  Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides  Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.  Call a “subunit”. copyright cmassengale24 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

25.  Composed of 2 or more “subunits”  Globular in shape  Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)  Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) copyright cmassengale25 subunits

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27.  Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)  Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesis  Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale27

28.  Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale28

29. copyright cmassengale29 O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

30. copyright cmassengale30 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA

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