1. FALSE ECONOMIES: Students and the Part-time Community College Faculty System Daniel Jacoby University of Washington Harry Bridges Endowed Chair In Labor Studies

2. WORK CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT PERFORMANCE LOW PAY AND BENEFITS OFFICES, PHONES AND COMPUTERS MULTIPLE CAMPUSES MULTIPLE JOBS SECOND CLASS STATUS--MEETINGS LACK OF INTEGRATION LEAD-TIMES AND PLANNING

3. How can job conditions affect performance? Time demands and availability Weak integration and curricular integrity Just in time hiring and course planning Job insecurity and Grade Inflation

4. Faculty Status and Grades in Different Classes Source: Melanie Moore and Richard Trahan, Tenure Status and Grading Practices, Sociological Perspectives, 41(4) 1998 pp. 775-781 Includes data from 417 Introductory classes at a median size state supported university. GRADESGRADES Type of Instructor

5. GRADE INFLATION AT ONE SMALL BUSINESS COLLEGE OVER 20 YEARS 1983-2003 SOURCE: Is Grade Inflation Related to Faculty Status? Boualem Kezim, Susan E Pariseau, Frances Quinn. Journal of Education for Business Washington:Jul/Aug 2005. Vol. 80, Iss. 6,

6. Does Reliance upon PT Faculty reduce Graduation Rates The Effects of Part-time Faculty Employment on Community College Graduate Rates. Published in Journal of Higher Education (2006) volume 77 issue 6 Data source: Integrated Post-secondary Education Database System (National Center for Educational Statistics). Mandatory self- reporting for all colleges. Over 1,100 public community colleges

7. Summary Results 2001 Study SOURCE: Original Calculations Using Ipeds Data for 2001

8. Faculty Student Ratios Also Matter

9. STATISTICS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT PART-TIME FACULTY RATIO FACULTY STUDENT RATIO ETHNICITY AND RACE TUITION FINANCIAL AID % OF STUDENTS PART-TIME & NON- DEGREE STATE ENROLLMENT PATTERNS

10. Preliminary Replication for 2003

11. Conclusion: Colleges with lower percentages of part-time faculty have higher graduation rates. In 2003 the difference between in the third of colleges with the lowest part-time ratios and the third having the highest part-time ratios was nearly 9 percentage points.