1. PDP Chemistry Bonding

2. Topic 3: Bonding ionic bonding covalent bonding

3. Ionic bonding between metals and non-metal atoms

4. Ionic compounds positive and negative ion usually:  positive ion from a metal (cation)  negative ion from a non-metal (cation)

5. Iron sulfide

6. Halite- rock salt- sodium chloride

7. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound with ions arranged in a lattice

8. Ions charged particles with electrostatic attraction between them Na+ Cl-

9. Common Anions Common NameFormulaAlternative name Simple Anions ChlorideCl − FluorideF−F− BromideBr − OxideO 2− Polyatomic anions CarbonateCO 3 2- Hydrogen carbonate HCO 3 − bicarbonate HydroxideOH − NitrateNO 3 2- PhosphatePO 4 3- SulfateSO 4 2- Anions from Organic Acids EthanoateCH 3 COO − acetate MethanoateHCOO − formate EthandioateC 2 O 4 −2 oxalate CyanideCN - Common Cations Common NameFormulaAlternative name Simple Cations AluminiumAl 3+ CalciumCa 2+ Copper(II)Cu 2+ cupric HydrogenH+H+ Iron(II)Fe 2+ ferrous Iron(III)Fe 3+ ferric MagnesiumMg 2+ Mercury(II)Hg 2+ mercuric PotassiumK+K+ kalic SilverAg + SodiumNa + natric Polyatomic Cations AmmoniumNH 4 + HydroniumH3O+H3O+

10. Electronic configuration of noble gas atoms

11. Draw the electronic structure of the first 4 noble gas atoms

12. How do ions form?

13. Sodium and chloride ions formed when electrons transfer Na+Cl  Na + +Cl - 2,8,1 2,8,7 2,8 2,8,8

14. Lithium chloride

15. Magnesium chloride

16. Sodium oxide

17. How do lithium fluoride crystals form ? 5-8 sentences anion cation electron transfer stable electronic configuration full outer shell electrostatic force crystal lattice

18. Formulas for ionic compunds

19. Ionic compounds formed from an cation Fe 3+ and a anion O 2- (charges shown) have a formula eg Fe 2 O 3 (without charges) name from cation and anion eg iron oxide no charge overall

20. Finding the formula of an ionic compound  add up charges on each ion, or  drop and swap and simplify or  algebra

21. What is the formula of iron (III) oxide? Fe2O FeO Fe3O2 Fe2O3

22. Ions  Group 1: H +, Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, Fr +  Group 2: Be 2+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+  Group 13 (or 3): B 3+, Al 3+, Ga 3+  Group 16 (or 6): O 2-, S 2-,  Group 17 (or 7): F -, Cl -, Br -, I -

23. Polyatomic ions

24. Polyatomic ions are ions made of more than one atom with an overall charge sulfate, SO 4 2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate

25. Calcium sulfate calcium ion, Ca 2+ sulfate ion, SO 4 2- calcium sulfate CaSO 4 Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate

26. Some common polyatomic ions  Nitrate NO 3 -  Hydroxide OH -  Sulfate SO 4 2-  Carbonate CO 3 2-  Hydrogen carbonate HCO 3 - (Bicarbonate)  Phosphate PO 4 3-  Ammonium NH 4 + (Also nitrite NO 2-, sulfite SO3 2-, cyanide CN -, ethanoate CH3COO - )

27. Common anions and cations

28. Careful with...  name of atom can change when ion is formed chlorine atom (Cl)  chloride ion (Cl - )  -ate is often a polyatomic ion with oxygen eg sulphate, phosphate, etc.  different ions often have similar names...  nitrate NO 3 -  nitrite NO 2 -  nitride N -3

29. What is the formula of ammonium sulphate?  NH4SO4  (NH4)2SO4  NH4(SO4)2  SO4(NH4)2

30. d-block (transition elements) can have variable valencies Mn2+manganese(II) Mn3+manganese(III) Mn4+manganese(IV) Ni2+nickel(II)/nickelous Ni3+nickel(III)/nickelic Pb2+lead(II)/plumbous Pb4+lead(IV)/plumbic Cr2+chromium(II)/chromous Cr3+chromium(III)/chromic Cu1+copper(I)/cuprous Cu2+copper(II)/cupric Fe2+iron(II)/ferrous Fe3+iron(III)/ferric Hg2+mercury(I)/mercurous

31. Find the formula of  Lithium fluoride  Aluminium oxide

32. Covalent bonding between non-metal atoms

33. Using a text book  Skim read the text  Write one sentence to explain what it is about  Read the text carefully  Write 3-5 bullet points or diagrams  Write at least 2 questions you still have about the concept  Answer the questions at the end of the sheet

34. Covalent bonding makes molecules

35. Covalent bonding forms molecules Often between non-metals

36. Covalent bond formation- valence electrons

37. 2, 4 or 6 electrons?  Single bond: the two atoms share two electrons (1 pair)  Double bond: the two atoms share four electrons (2 pairs)  Triple bond: the two atoms share six electrons (3 pairs)

38. Lewis structures (dot structures) show valence electrons in pairs as dots, crosses or lines

39. skeletal formula for complex organic molecules

40. Condensed formula propanol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH

41. Draw diagrams to show the atoms and valence electrons in the compounds: Fluoromethane, CH3F Magnesium fluoride, MgF2

42. Properties of ionic and covalent molecular compounds

43. Ionic compounds PropertyExplanation in terms of the arrangement and bonding of atoms Crystalline High melting and boiling points Soluble in polar solvents (eg water) Insoluble in non-polar solvents (eg oil) Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

44. Covalent molecular compounds PropertyExplanation in terms of the arrangement and bonding of atoms Lower melting and boiling points Insoluble in polar solvents (eg water) Soluble in non-polar solvents (eg oil) Do not conduct electricity

45. Covalent macromolecules

46. Diamond- an allotrope of carbon

47. Silicon dioxide, SiO2

48. Metallic bonding

49. Metallic bonding- positive ions surrounded by delocalized electrons

50. Links  Bonding http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.m atter.chembonds/chemical-bonds/ http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.m atter.chembonds/chemical-bonds/  Ionic bonding http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/lsps07_int_ionicbon ding/ http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/lsps07_int_ionicbon ding/  Covalent bonding http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/lsps07_int_covalent bond/ http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/lsps07_int_covalent bond/