1. Shared Address Space Computing: Hardware Issues Alistair Rendell See Chapter 2 of Lin and Synder, Chapter 2 of Grama, Gupta, Karypis and Kumar, and also “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach”, J.L. Hennessy and D.A. Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann

2. Interconnection Network PPP M P C UMA Uniform Memory Access Shared Address Space UMA Uniform Memory Access Shared Address Space with cache NUMA Non-Uniform Memory Access Shared Address Space with cache Grama fig 2.5 M MM M M P C P C P MC P MC P MC

3. Shared Address Space Systems Systems with caches but otherwise flat memory generally called UMA If access to local cheaper than remote (NUMA), this should be built into your algorithm –How to do this and O/S support is another matter –(man numa on linux will give details of numa support) Global address space easier to program –Read only interactions invisible to programmer and coded like sequential program –Read/write are harder, require mutual exclusion for concurrent accesses Programmed using threads and directives –We will consider pthreads and OpenMP Synchronization using locks and related mechanisms

4. Caches on Multiprocessors Multiple copies of some data word being manipulated by two or more processors at the same time Two requirements –Address translation mechanism that locates memory word in system –Concurrent operations on multiple copies have well defined semantics Latter generally known as cache coherency protocol –(I/O using DMA on machines with caches also leads to coherency issues) Some machines only provide shared address space mechanisms and leave coherence to programme –Cray T3D provided get and put and cache invalidate

5. Shared-Address-Space and Shared- Memory Computers Shared-memory historically used for architectures in which memory is physically shared among various processors, and all processors have equal access to any memory segment –This is identical to the UMA model Compared to distributed-memory computer where different memory segments are physically associated with different processing elements. Either of these physical models can present the logical view of a disjoint or shared-address- space platform –A distributed-memory shared-address-space computer is a NUMA system

6. X = 1 Memory X = 1 P1 load x X = 1 P0 load x X = 1 Memory X = 1 P1 load x X = 1 P0 load x X = 1 Memory X = 1 P1 X = 1 P0 write #3, x X = 3 invalidate X = 3 Memory X = 1 P1 X = 3 X = 1 P0 write #3, x X = 3 update Invalidate Protocol Update Protocol Grama fig 2.21 Cache Coherency Protocols

7. Update v Invalidate Update Protocol –When a data item is written, all of its copies in the system are updated Invalidate Protocol (most common) –Before a data item is written, all other copies are marked as invalid Comparison –Multiple writes to same word with no intervening reads require multiple write broadcasts in an update protocol, but only one initial invalidation –Multiword cache blocks, each word written in a cache block must be broadcast in an update protocol, but only one invalidate per line is required –Delay between writing a word in one processor and reading the written data in another is usually less for update False sharing: two processors modify different parts of the same cache line –Invalidate protocol leads to ping-ponged cache lines –Update protocol performs reads locally but updates

8. Implementation Techniques On small scale bus based machines –A processor must obtain access to the bus to broadcast a write invalidation –With two competing processors the first to gain access to the bus will invalidate the others’ data A cache miss needs to locate top copy of data –Easy for write through cache –For write back each processor snoops the bus and responses by providing data if it has the top copy For writes we would like to know if any other copies of the block are cached –i.e. whether a write back cache needs to put details on the bus –Handled by having a tag to indicate shared status Minimizing processor stalls –Either by duplication of tags or having multiple inclusive caches

9. InvalidModified Shared C_write write flush readwrite C_readC_write read/write read Grama fig 2.22 3 State (MSI) Cache Coherency Protocol read: local read c_read: coherency read, i.e. read on remote processor gives rise to shown transition in local cache

10. MSI Coherency Protocol Inst.@P0Inst@P1Var/S@P0Var/S@P1Var/S@Mem x = 5, M y = 12,M read x * x = x + 1 * read y * x = x + y * x = x + 1 * read y * y = y + 1 read x * y = x + y * y = y + 1 x = 5, S * x = 6, M * y = 13, S x = 6,S y = 19, M y = 13, I x = 20, M * y = 12, S * y = 13, M y = 13, S x = 6, S x = 6, I y = 19, M * y = 20, M x = 5, S y = 12, S x = 5, I y = 12, I y = 13, S x = 6, S x = 6, I y = 13, I x = 6, I y = 13, I TIME

11. Snoopy Cache Systems All caches broadcast all transactions –Suited to bus or ring interconnects All processors monitor the bus for transactions of interest Each processors cache has a set of tag bits that determine the state of the cache block –Tags updated according to state diagram for relevant protocol Eg snoop hardware detects that a read has been issued for a cache block that it has a dirty copy of, it asserts control of the bus and puts data out What sort of data access characteristics are likely to perform well/badly on snoopy based systems?

12. Processor Snoop H/WTags Cache Processor Snoop H/WTags Processor Snoop H/WTags Memory Cache Address/Data Dirty Grama fig 2.24 Snoopy Cache Based System

13. Directory Cache Based Systems Need to broadcast clearly not scalable –Solution is to only send information to processing elements specifically interested in that data This requires a directory to store information –Augment global memory with presence bitmap to indicate which caches memory located in

14. Directory Based Cache Coherency Must handle a read miss and a write to a shared, clean cache block To implement the direct must track the state of each cache block A simple protocol might be: –Shared: one or more processors have the block cached, and the value in memory is up to date –Uncached: no processor has a copy –Exclusive: only one processor (the owner) has a copy and the value in memory is out of date We also need to track the processors that have copies of shared cache block, or ownership of

15. Interconnection Network Processor Cache Processor Cache Processor Cache DataPresence Bits Status Directory Interconnection Network Processor Cache Memory Presence bits/state Processor Cache Memory Presence bits/state Grama fig 2.25 Directory Based Cache Coherency

16. Directory Based Systems How much memory is required to store the directory? What sort of data access characteristics are likely to perform well/badly on directory based systems? –How do distributed and centralized systems compare?

17. Costs on SGI Origin 3000 (processor clock cycles)  16 CPU > 16 CPU Cache Hit11 Cache miss to local memory85 Cache miss to remote home directory 125150 Cache miss to remotely cached data (3 hop) 140170 Data from: “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach”, By David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, David Goldberg Ed 3, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003

18. Real Cache Coherency Protocols From wikipedia –“Most modern systems use variants of the MSI protocol to reduce the amount of traffic in the coherency interconnect. The MESI protocol adds an "Exclusive" state to reduce the traffic caused by writes of blocks that only exist in one cache. The MOSI protocol adds an "Owned" state to reduce the traffic caused by write-backs of blocks that are read by other caches [The processor owner of the cache line services requests for that data]. The MOESI protocol does both of these things. The MESIF protocol uses the "Forward" state to reduce the traffic caused by multiple responses to read requests when the coherency architecture allows caches to respond to snoop requests with data.”MESI protocolMOSI protocolMOESI protocolMESIF protocol

19. MESI (on a bus) https://www.cs.tcd.ie/Jeremy.Jones/vivio/caches/MESIHelp.htm