1. 1 Review For Final © Abdou Illia (Spring 2009)

2. 2 Computer Hardware

3. 3 The Core Computer Components  Three subsystems in a computer system: 1. Input subsystem 2. Processing subsystem 3. Output subsystem

4. 4 Output Devices  Monitors Cathode ray tube (CRTs) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Quality of display  Resolution in pixels (e.g. 640 x 480)  Dot pitch in millimeters (.26 to.28)  Active-Matrix vs. Passive-Matrix display  Touch screens Input and output via display device Monitor sizeCommon resolution 15 inches640 x 480 17 inches800 x 600 or 1024 x 768 19 inches1024 x 768 or 1280 x 1024

5. 5 Printers  Speed and resolution Pages per minute (PPM) Dots per inch (DPI)  Number of ink dots to fill a square inch  Higher DPI = greater page clarity  Impact printers Create image by striking paper and ribbon Dot-matrix printers = most common impact printers  Non-impact printers Create image by spraying or rolling ink on the page

6. 6 I/O devices or Secondary Storage  Nonvolatile storage of digital data  Magnetic or optical  Magnetic storage (Floppy disk, Magnetic tape, Zip disk, Hard disk) Sequential access (tape) or direct access (HDD) Hard disk drives  Two main standards:  IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) aka ATA (AT Attachment)  SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)  SCSI allows disk fault-tolerance through RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks  Disk speed:  Transfer rate in MBps (Megabytes per second)  Average Read Time (in milliseconds or ms)  Platter rotation speed in RPM (5400/7200/10,000/15,000)

7. 7 Measuring Storage Capacity

8. 8 Processing subsystem  Two major components  CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s)  Primary Storage:  Random Access Memory (RAM)  Read Only Memory (ROM) CPU Primary Storage Busses that transfer data

9. 9 Central Processing Unit  Clock: generate time that synchronize other components  ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM  ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)  Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results Processor Clock Instruction Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers

10. 10 CPU speed  Speed measured in hertz Hertz = # of instructions executed per second Megahertz = 1 million of instructions per second Gigahertz = 1 billion of instructions per second Intel - Celeron - Pentium 3, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Xeon, Dual Core Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) - K6 series processors (which compete with Intel Pentium 3) - Athlon series (which compete with Intel Pentium 4) IBM - PowerPC 740, 750, 750FX, 750GL, 750GX Major Processor manufacturers

11. 11 Primary Storage  RAM holds running programs and the data they use  ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer Primary Storage RAM ROM  Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips  Two categories:  RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile  Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)  Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM  ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile  Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB) ProgramData

12. 12 Summary Questions BookNotes 1)Name two devices that could be used for both input and output. 2)What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a byte? 3)What is the function of the Instruction Control Unit or ICU found in the processing subsystem? 4)Explain the difference between RAM and ROM. 5)What is pixel? What is dot pitch 6)What is a byte? 7)What is a Hertz?

13. 13 Network Technology

14. 14 Computer Network  An interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic distances “Connect to GHI” ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO Once connected to the network, the computer (or another device) becomes a network node

15. 15 Transmission Media  Physical media Transmission media used to physically connect nodes in to the network Transmits electrical or optical signals Could be cooper wire or fiber optic cable Physical Wireless

16. 16 Transmission Media (Continued)  Twisted Pair CategoryUseSignalData rateDistanceProblem Category 1TelephoneAnalog/Digital<100Kbps3-4 milesSecurity, noise Category 2T1, ISDNDigital<2 Mbps3-4 milesSecurity, noise Category 3LANsDigital10 Mbps100 mSecurity, noise Category 4LANsDigital20 Mbps100 mSecurity, noise Category 5LANsDigital100 Mhz100 mSecurity, noise Category 6LANsDigital250 Mhz100 mSecurity, noise Category 7LANsDigital600 Mhz100 mSecurity, noise

17. 17 Wireless Media  Uses electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation for data transmission  Propagation through space, and indirectly, through solid objects  Two kinds of wireless media used Radio waves (radio Frequency)  Affected by Multipath interference  Highly vulnerable to snooping  Limited distance  Blocked by thick objects Infrared light  Close proximity and “line of sight” location required Laptop Comm. Tower

18. 18 Network Topologies  The configurations of network components How physically the network looks like How logically data is transferred on the network  Widely used network topologies: Bus Star Ring (Mesh, not common in business setting)

19. 19 Bus Network Topology  Most simple network topology  All devices connected to a common central cable called a “bus”  Inexpensive  If cable fails, the entire network will shut down

20. 20 Star Network Topology  Centered around central device called a hub or a switch  All network nodes connect to the hub/switch  Easy to install and update  If hub fails, network fails

21. 21 Ring Topology  Node connected to a logical ring in a central device called MAU  More reliable than bus or star Only one node sends at a time (no collisions)  Expensive and limited speed

22. 22 Network Architecture  Defines how the processing takes place on the network  Two primary types Client-server Peer-to-peer (P2P)

23. 23 Summary Questions MalagaNotes 1)What is a node? 2) Name physical and wireless media used in networking 3) What transmission media is used for the telephone? 4)What are the main network topology? What are the differences between them? 5)Distinguish between Client-server and P2P networks

24. 24 The Internet and eBusiness

25. 25 Brief history of the Internet 1969The Defense Advanced Research Projects developed ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet 1971Ray Tomlison invents e-mail 1979USENET newsgroups created at Duke University and the University of North Carolina 1984Domain Name System (DNS) established 1991Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web 1994First online shopping mall, first spam email, first pizza ordered online, first advertisement banner 2000A major denial of service attack brings down websites such as Yahoo!, Amazon.com, and eBay 2002Denial of service attack knocks out 8/15 root DNS servers Make sure you know what DNS is used for.

26. 26 Webserver needs: - Network (or Server) Operating System - TCP/IP - Domain name (e.g. eiu.edu) - Internet access - IP Address (e.g. 139.67.8.3) User PC needs: - Workstation Operating System - TCP/IP - Web browser (e.g. Internet Explorer) - Internet access (e.g. thru an ISP) - IP Address (e.g. 128.150.50.9) Accessing the Internet (www) Network Web Browser Packet Router Packet Route Webserver Software

27. 27 Internet applications/services  E-Mail  File transfers  Instant messaging (IM)  Newsgroups  Streaming audio and video  Internet telephony  World Wide Web (WWW)  Portal

28. 28 Intranets and Extranets  Intranet Internal company network that uses Internet and WWW technologies. Typical Use:  Finding and sharing work documents  Collaboration between employees to work in teams  Communication tool Typically, only internal employees can get access  Extranet Web site that allows customers and business partners limited access to organizational intranet Uses Internet and WWW technologies Add additional security through the use of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) Virtual Private Network

29. 29 Portal  Portal Web site that offers a broad array of resources and services; such as  email  newsgroup  Serach engines  Online shopping malls Example: yahoo!, msn, aol

30. 30 Summary Questions Refers to the slide # in class posted notes BookNotes 1)(a) Name some Internet applications/services (b) What is Instant Messaging? 9,14, 2) (a) What does a user PC needs for accessing the World Wide Web? (b) What is needed on the webserver side? 7 3)Name some Internet connection options available for residential users and businesses. 5-6 4)(a) What is an intranet? (b) an extranet? 18,19

31. 31 Information Systems for Business Integration: ERP Systems

32. 32 Business Integration? Sales Department Logistics Department Production Department Horizontal Integration VerticalVertical IntegrationIntegration Suppliers Customers Q: what is meant by horizontal business integration? Vertical?

33. 33 Systems for Horizontal Integration  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrate all the internal processes through a common information system (or an integrated set of info systems) ERP system Sales Department Logistics Department Production Department Warehousing Marketing Department Accounting Department Process1Process2Process1Process2Process1Process2Process1Process2Process1Process2Process1Process2 Common Database

34. 34 ERP Components (or Modules)  Two types of components Core ERP Components Extended ERP Components  Core ERP Components Traditional components found in most ERP systems They primarily focus on internal operations Common Database Finance & Accounting Manufacturing* * Also called Production & Material Management * Helps from new products development to actual production * Handles demand forecasting, production planning, production scheduling, quality control, etc. Human Resource

35. 35 ERP Components (or Modules)  Extended ERP Components Extra components that might be included They primarily focus on external operations Common Database Customer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management Business Intelligence 1 E-Business 2 1 Provide information that help users in decision-making 1 Collects info used throughout the organization, organize it, and uses analytical tools to help decision-making process 2 Includes e-logistics (managing transportation & storage of goods over the Internet) and e-procurement (B2B purchase & sale of supplies & services over the Internet)

36. 36 ERP Components (or Modules)  ERP mainly used by medium and large businesses Average lifetime cost: $15 Million (2003 surveys) Implementation process: up to 5 years The largest vendors worldwide in 2005 according to Gartner DataquestGartner Dataquest # Vendor Revenue (million $) Market share (%) 1SAP472628.7 2Oracle Applications*167410.2 3The Sage Group12217.4 4Microsoft Dynamics6163.7 5SSA Global Technologies4642.8 * In January 2005, Oracle bought PeopleSoft the 3 rd player until then.

37. 37 Factors in ERP System Success  Active support of upper management  Having the best people on the implementation team  Managing the time line well  User involvement in the planning and implementing ERP systems

38. 38 Summary Questions BookNotes 1)What is the difference between Horizontal integration and Vertical integration? What could be the consequences of a bad horizontal integration? 5,6 2) What kind of information system is typically used by organizations for horizontal integration? 7 3)What are the core modules found in ERP systems?.? 10 4)What does the Manufacturing ERP component allow? Name some of the activities it handles 10 5)Name the major three ERP software vendors 12 6)What are the success factors of ERP implementation? 14 Refers to the slide # in class posted notes

39. 39 Information Systems for Business Integration: EDI, SCM, CRM Systems

40. 40 Supply Chain Management SCM

41. 41 Supply Chain  Supply Chain includes parties involved in the procurement of product or raw material  Upstream parties  Downstream parties

42. 42 Supply Chain Management SCM  SCM implies the management of information flow between a company and upstream and downstream parties of the supply chain  Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of SCM? a)It helps avoid shortage of raw material b)It could shorten the time for delivering finished products to distributors c)It could help organizations better forecast their production of goods and services d)It could help organizations better forecast the needs of their distributors e)None of the above

43. 43 SCM Process  Stages of SCM (SC Council’s Reference Model): 1)Planning: develop and implement processes that attempt to forecast demand for products and services  Goal: Balance demand with supply of raw material 2)Sourcing: determine who should supply the items required  Goal: Be supplied on time, within budget 3)Production: make the product 1)Schedule production 2)Ensure raw materials are on hand when needed 4)Product delivery (logistics) 1)Everything from receiving a customer inquiry to invoicing 2)Warehouse management is one very important factor 5)Returns: managing returns of raw materials as well as finished goods

44. 44 EDI: a SCM Technology  Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): A network technology that allows the transfer and processing of business documents (usually orders) between a company and its suppliers Suppliers Company’s Internal processes Sales Department Process1 Process2 Delivery Department Process1 Process2 Production Department Process1 Process2 EDI System Value Added Network (VAN) or Private network connection EDI Sys.

45. 45 EDI: SCM Technology  EDI documents must be formatted according to specific standards ANSI X12 – used in North America EDIFACT – international, but widely used in Europe  Advantages: Eliminates paperwork Reduces errors Speeds supply process  Disadvantages: Provides connection only between two companies Limits freedom of comparing prices.

46. 46 SCM information system  Part of extended ERP components  Could be bought separately Company’s Internal processes Sales Department Process1 Process2 Delivery Department Process1 Process2 Production Department Process1 Process2 SCM System Network connection Suppliers SCM Sys. - Forecast demand - Handle purchase of supply - Manage storage + shipping Three main functions

47. 47 Customer Relationship Management CRM

48. 48 CRM systems  CRM systems are systems that can help manage all aspects of organizations’ relation with their customers.  Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of CRM systems? a)Provide better customer service b)Make call centers more efficient c)Help sales staff close deals faster d)Simplify marketing and sales processes e)Discover new customers f)None of the above

49. 49 Goals of CRM systems  Goal of CRM is to increase sales and repeat business by learning the customer Determine the customer’s needs and preferences Determine the customer’s satisfaction with service Determine which customers are in the magic 20 percent (or have the potential to become part of it)  Recency, Frequency, Monetary value (RFM) at heart of CRM systems How recently a customer purchased items (Recency) How frequently a customer purchased items (Frequency) How much a customer spends on each purchase (Monetary Value

50. 50 Summary Questions BookNotes 1)Is the information flow between a company and its retailers part of its supply chain? 6 2) What are the potential benefit of SCM systems? 7 3)What are the 5 stages of SCM according to the SC Council’s Reference Model? 8 4)What is EDI? What kind of network connections are usually used in EDI? What is the EDI message standard used in the U.S.? 9 5)Are SCM systems part of ERP systems? Are SCM systems sold as separate system from ERP systems? 11 5)What are the potential benefit of CRM systems? 14 5)What is the main goal of using CRM systems? What is meant by RFM? 15 Refers to the slide # in posted class notes

51. 51 Managing Security

52. 52 Best way to prepare  Review the ppt notes or chapter 4 in the book to make sure you can answer the following questions Chapter 4 Review Questions available in the Review section of course web site

53. 53 Managing the Development and Purchase of IS

54. 54 Systems Development Methodology?  The process companies go through to develop and maintain an information system  Framework for successful IS development  A System Development Methodology is used For building a new system Or for modifying an existing system  Examples of SDM: System Development Life Cycle ￭ Prototyping Joint Application Development ￭ Rapid Application Development

55. 55 Questions  Which of the following is true about SDM? 1)They provide guidelines for developing IS and maintaining them which includes upgrading and improving them. 2)SDM are needed when a brand new IS has to be developed, but you don’t need to use a SDM when it comes to modifying an existing IS. 3)When a company is engaged in developing an IS, the process involves the company’s employees who would be the future users of the IS, and IS professionals like system analysts and programmers. But it doesn’t involve the company’s management 4)All of the above

56. 56 Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)  Seven phases 1)Planning5) Testing 2)Systems Analysis6) Implementation 3)Systems Design7) Maintenance 4)Development  Typically one phase needs to be completed before beginning the next  Problem in later phase may require return to previous phase Planning Analysis Design Development Testing Implementation Maintenance

57. 57 Question  In SDLC, the 7 phases are typically followed in a sequential order, which means we don’t return to a previous phase in any circumstances  True  False

58. 58 Planning  Feasibility analyses Technical Analysis  Do the technologies exist to develop the system? Economic Analysis  Can the organization afford the system?  Will it provide an adequate Benefit? Operational Analysis (i.e. assessing the human element of the proposed system)  Resistance to change  Organizational politics  System development schedule Is the proposed development time line realistic? Is the programming team available during Programming step?  Planning performed by Project Manager using Search and investigation (e.g. for technical analysis step) Total Cost of Ownership analysis Project Management software Feasibility Analyses System Development Schedule

59. 59 Systems Analysis  Systems analyst works with company to understand the problem fully and to detail the requirements of the proposed system  Step 1: Analyze current system Objectives:  Understand what things are done and how (business processes)  Identify any problems associated w/ current business processes Techniques:  Observe employees at work  Talk to employees (potential users)  Conducting interviews Analyze current system Define new system requirement

60. 60 Systems Analysis  Step 2: Define new system’s requirements Main Objective:  Specify What need to be done (not how to do it) To be defined:  Input requirements (nature of data, source, etc.)  Processing requirements  Output requirements (Types of reports, content, etc.)  Storage requirements Tools and techniques  Data flow diagrams (DFD)  Start with high level process  Add more levels with increased levels of detail  Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools  Software that eases the systems development process Analyze current system Define new system requirements

61. 61 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Data flow Process External Entity Data storage. Symbolized by an arrow.. Shows data being passed from or to a process. Symbolized by a rectangle or a curved rectangle.. Action performed by people of organizational units in order to transform input into output OR Action performed by people in the organizational units to help the units achieve their objectives Symbolized by a square, an external entity is something (person, group, department, etc.) outside the system that interacts with the system by providing input or receiving information. Used to store data in the system. Represents a file, a database, etc.

62. 62 Systems Design  Using the requirements from Systems Analysis phase to design the new or modified system. Logical systems design  Details the system’s functionality (what it should do?)  Uses Structure charts to create top-down representation of system’s modules  Uses System flowcharts to show relationships between modules Physical systems design  Specifies all of the actual components (hardware, network, etc) used to implement the logical design The design must be frozen at end of this phase to prevent the to system grow indefinitely in terms of its scope and features  Scope creep  Feature creep  Performed by system designer or (system analyst in some case)

63. 63 Development  Programming process is usually the most difficult and time consuming in the Development process.  Development performed by programmers, database developers, and network engineers  Programmers use Program Development Cycle 1) Review the input, processing, output, and storage requirements 2) Develop the logic of the programs (using Flowcharts and Pseudo code) 3) Write the programs using code generators & programming languages 4) Test and debug the programs 5) Complete the programs documentation

64. 64 Development tools Program Flowchart: Graphical illustration of the problem-solving logic within a program Pseudocode: English-language statements that describe the processing steps of a program in paragraph form. Programming languages: -Java -C++ -Visual Basic -Etc. Code generators: Software that generate programs that programmers could modify.

65. 65 Testing  Programmers test modules  Do they return proper outputs?  Do they handle incorrect data appropriately?  Development team do unit testing  i.e. testing how modules work together  System testing (software along with database and network component) Verification: Testing system in simulated environment with simulated data Validation: Testing system in real working environment with real data

66. 66 Implementation  Implementation strategies Direct cutover: Quick change to new system Parallel conversion: Old and new systems used in parallel for a while. Pilot testing: New system installed at only one location or one department Staged conversion: Only one part of the system installed, then another part is installed.  User training

67. 67 Maintenance  Maintenance counts for as much as 80% of the total cost of an information system  Tasks Correct errors found during implementation System enhancements  Incremental upgrades  Addition of major new features

68. 68 Summary Questions BookNotes 1)What is a System Development Methodology? What is it used for? 2) What are the 7 phases of the SDLC methodology? 3)What kind of Feasibility analyses need to be performed during the Planning phase? Why is the system development schedule important? 4)What are the two steps in the Systems Analysis phase? What techniques and tools are used during the Systems Analysis phase? 5)What tools do programmers usually use during the Development phase? 6)What is the difference between the Verification and the Validation tests performed during systems testing?

69. 69 SDLC: Recap StepsKey actorsTools/Techniques 1. PlanningProject ManagerProject Management software, Total Cost Ownership analysis, etc. 2. System AnalysisSystem Analyst, Users.Interviews, observing users at work, DFD 3. System DesignSystem analyst (or system designer) System Flowchart, Structure chart 4. DevelopmentProgrammers, database developers, network engineers Program Flowchart, Pseudo code, programming languages, DBMS 5. TestingDevelopment team, UsersUnit testing, verification, validation 6. ImplementationDevelopment team, UsersDirect cutover, parallel conversion, pilot testing, staged conversion 7. Maintenanceinternal IS staff, external consultant Make sure you can answer questions about System Development (see SDM Quest link in Review section)