1. Large City Medium Town Small Village --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Match Large and Medium to types of services! Gas station? Shopping mall? Fast-food restaurant? Expensive French restaurant? General, family doctor? Neurosurgeon? Movie theater? Theater for big name performances? Lawyer for traffic court? Lawyer for international litigation? Dollar store? Luxury fashion (e.g., Prada, Versace)?

2. Large City Medium Town Small Village --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gas station? Small, Medium Shopping mall? Large Fast-food restaurant? Medium Expensive French restaurant? Large General, family doctor? Medium Neurosurgeon? Large Movie theater? Medium Theater for big name performances? Large Lawyer for traffic court? Medium Lawyer for international litigation? Large Dollar store? Small, Medium Luxury fashion (e.g., Prada, Versace)? Large

3. Large City Medium Town Small Village --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gas station? Shopping mall? General, family doctor? Neurosurgeon? Movie theater? Theater for big name performances? Dollar store? Luxury fashion shop (e.g., Prada, Versace)? Make a generalization about the kinds of services that are located in places that are have different size populations: (describe type of services) The more ___________________ services will be located in the larger city, while ________________________ services will be found in every town (even small villages).

4. Large City Medium Town Small Village --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gas station? Shopping mall? General, family doctor? Neurosurgeon? Movie theater? Theater for big name performances? Dollar store? Luxury fashion shop (e.g., Prada, Versace)? Make a generalization about the kinds of services that are located in places that are have different size populations: The more specialized services will be located in the larger city, while everyday services will be found in every town (even small villages).

5. with many _________________ service centers (evenly spaced) where people get ____________________ services or goods. and with a few ________________ service centers (evenly spaced) where people get _____________________ services or goods

7. with many small service centers (evenly spaced) where people get everyday services or goods. and with a few large service centers (evenly spaced) where people get specialized, expensive services or goods

8. Which are the HIGHER ORDER service centers? Which are the lower order service centers?

9. Key Issue 3. Pages Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Central Place Theory: A central place is ______________________________________. The market area of a particular service is determined by its range (_______________________________________________________________) and its threshold (_________________________________________________________).

10. Key Issue 3. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Central Place Theory: A central place is a market center for services and has a market area or hinterland. The market area of a particular service is determined by its range (the maximum distance people are willing to travel for that service) and its threshold (the number of people-customers whom we need to buy that service).

11. Large range, Small rangeLarge threshold, Small threshold A B C D Match to pictures!

12. Large range, Small rangeLarge threshold, Small threshold A B C D Large range Small range Large threshold Small threshold

14. How is the theoretical pattern messed up in this real-world example?

15. What does hierarchy mean?

16. What does hierarchy mean?

17. Hierarchy refers to different levels of importance and also to smaller areas being inside larger areas.

18. Hierarchy of Services and Settlements: Central place theory predicts that services and settlements follow a _________________________ pattern. There are ____________ really large settlements. (how many?) There are ____________ smaller settlements. Small settlements have the _____________ services. (how many?) (where?) The small settlements are _____________ the market areas of larger settlements, which are in turn inside the market area of still larger settlements.

19. Hierarchy of Services and Settlements: Central place theory predicts that services and settlements follow a regular pattern. There are few really large settlements. There are many smaller settlements. Small settlements have the fewest services. The small settlements are within the market areas of larger settlements, which are in turn inside the market area of still larger settlements.

20. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Central place theory – First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s) – Characteristics A central place has a market area (or hinterland) – Size of a market area Range Threshold

21. A B C O Market area for one of the Town market centers

22. Small threshold Short range Small market area Large threshold Large range Large market area A B C O Which are the HIGHER ORDER service centers? Which are the lower order service centers?

23. Central Place Theory Figure 12-17 The gravity model predicts that the ideal location for a service is at the center of gravity of people, minimizing the average distance anyone has to travel to that service.

24. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Market-area analysis – Profitability of a location Compute the range Compute the threshold Draw the market area

25. Key Issue 3. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Market-Area Analysis: A particular service may be viable at a particular location (Translate!) _____________________________________________________________________________ if the area inside its range includes at least the _______________ number of people. Locating a New Department Store: A department store chain must consider _____________________________________________________________________

26. Key Issue 3. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Market-Area Analysis: A particular service may be viable at a particular location (Translate!) a service (Bloomingdales) may be successful in a particular location if the area inside its range includes at least the threshold number of people. Locating a New Department Store: A department store chain must consider the number of potential customers within a 15-minute range of a proposed location.

28. Market Areas, Range, Threshold for Kroger Supermarkets Figure 12-18

29. Rank-size rule: 1 st, 2 nd, 4 th ½, ¼ the population of the largest city Urban area Population N th 1 st NYC area: 20 million 2 nd LA area: 10 million ½ 4 th Philly area: 5 million ¼ Rank-size rule or Nth rule:

30. Often, the 1 st & 2 nd largest cities do NOT follow the nth rule! 1 st largest city: 10 million 2 nd largest city: ½ million Primate city rule: (different from Rank-size rule) 1 st, 2 nd etc. do NOT follow the nth rule! The largest city is disproportionately bigger than other cities (for example, London, Buenos Aries).

31. Periodic Markets especially in LDC Why is there no permanent market in some places? How often does a Periodic Market appear?

32. Does NY fit Central Place Theory? Hexagon pattern??? (Notice the “messed up” pattern in NY.)

35. Between 1817 and 1825, New Yorkers built the Erie Canal to connect the Hudson River and Lake Erie.

36. Cities grew along the transportation route. Place symbols to show New York’s largest cities today.

37. “Daily Urban Systems” Figure 12-16 Commuting? and Advertising? Notice that particular cities “rule” a particular market area!

38. “Daily Urban Systems” Figure 12-16