1. Chapter 40 An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function Chapter 48 Nervous System

2. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 types) Anatomy: structure Physiology: function 1- Epithelial: outside of body and lines organs and cavities; held together by tight junctions 1- Epithelial: outside of body and lines organs and cavities; held together by tight junctions basement membrane: dense mat of extracellular matrix basement membrane: dense mat of extracellular matrix mucous membrane (glandular epithelia) secrete mucus – digestive & respiratory mucous membrane (glandular epithelia) secrete mucus – digestive & respiratory Simple: single layer of cells Simple: single layer of cells Stratified: multiple tiers of cells Stratified: multiple tiers of cells Cuboidal (like dice) Cuboidal (like dice) Columnar (like bricks on end) Columnar (like bricks on end) Squamous (like floor tiles) Squamous (like floor tiles)

4. Tissues, II 2- Connective: bind and support other tissues; extensive extracellular matrix; 3 kinds: 2- Connective: bind and support other tissues; extensive extracellular matrix; 3 kinds: A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers) A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers) Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs 1-Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins 2-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis 1-Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins 2-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis 3-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation 3-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation Fibrous connective tissue: Dense-large number of collagenous cells. Parallel bundles of cells Fibrous connective tissue: Dense-large number of collagenous cells. Parallel bundles of cells 1-Tendons- muscles to bones 2-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (BOBOLI) 1-Tendons- muscles to bones 2-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (BOBOLI) Cartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitin); flexible support Cartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitin); flexible support Bone: mineralized tissue by osteoblasts Bone: mineralized tissue by osteoblasts Blood: liquid plasma matrix; erythrocytes (RBC’s) carry O2; leukocytes (WBC’s) immunity Blood: liquid plasma matrix; erythrocytes (RBC’s) carry O2; leukocytes (WBC’s) immunity

6. Tissues, III 3-Nervous: senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the animal to another 3-Nervous: senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the animal to another Neuron: functional unit that transmits impulses Neuron: functional unit that transmits impulses Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector

13. Autonomic System Two divisions: Two divisions: sympathetic sympathetic Parasympatheitic Parasympatheitic Control involuntary functions Control involuntary functions heartbeat heartbeat blood pressure blood pressure respiration respiration perspiration perspiration digestion digestion Can be influenced by thought and emotion Can be influenced by thought and emotion

14. Sympathetic “ Fight or flight” response “ Fight or flight” response Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Inhibits digestive functions Inhibits digestive functions CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord SYMPATHETIC Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Stimulates ejaculation in male Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Lungs Heart Stomach Pancreas Liver Adrenal gland Kidney

15. Parasympathetic “ Rest and digest ” system “ Rest and digest ” system Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain PARASYMPATHETIC Spinal cord Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts pupil

16. Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Brain and Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Brain

17. Left & Right sides are separate Left & Right sides are separate Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres Some functions are ‘lateralized’ Some functions are ‘lateralized’ language on left language on left math, music on right math, music on right Lateralization is never 100% Lateralization is never 100% Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Corpus Callosum Right Hemisphere

18. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

19. Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere Principle is Contralateral Organization Principle is Contralateral Organization Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex Visual Crossover Visual Crossover left visual field to right hemisphere left visual field to right hemisphere right field to left right field to left Other senses similar Other senses similar Left visual field Right visual field Optic nerves Corpus Callosum Left Visual Cortex Right Visual Cortex

20. Contralateral Motor Control Movements controled by motor area Movements controled by motor area Right hemisphere controls left side of body Right hemisphere controls left side of body Left hemisphere controls right side Left hemisphere controls right side Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord Somatosensory CortexMotor Cortex

21. Corpus Callosum Major ( but not only) pathway between sides Major ( but not only) pathway between sides Connects comparable structures on each side Connects comparable structures on each side Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres Aids motor coordination of left and right side Aids motor coordination of left and right side Corpus Callosum Medial surface of right hemisphere

22. Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex Contains primary visual cortex most is on surface inside central fissure most is on surface inside central fissure Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes Occipital Lobe Visual Lobe

23. Temporal Lobe Inputs are auditory, visual patterns Inputs are auditory, visual patterns speech recognition speech recognition face recognition face recognition word recognition word recognition memory formation memory formation Outputs to limbic System, basal Ganglia, and brainstem Outputs to limbic System, basal Ganglia, and brainstem z Contains primary auditory cortex Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe Auditory Cortex

24. Parietal Lobe Somatosensory Cortex Parietal Lobe Inputs from multiple senses Inputs from multiple senses z contains primary somatosensory cortex z borders visual & auditory cortex z Outputs to Frontal lobe z hand-eye coordination z eye movements z attention

25. Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex Contains primary motor cortex Motor Cortex Motor Cortex Broca’s Area Motor Cortex Working Memory No direct sensory input No direct sensory input Important planning and sequencing areas Important planning and sequencing areas  Broca’s area for speech Prefrontal area for working memory Prefrontal area for working memory

26. Tissues, IV 4- Muscle: capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins actin and myosin; 4- Muscle: capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 types: A- Skeletal: voluntary movement (striated) A- Skeletal: voluntary movement (striated) B- Cardiac: contractile wall of heart (branched striated) B- Cardiac: contractile wall of heart (branched striated) C- Smooth: involuntary activities (no striations) C- Smooth: involuntary activities (no striations)

28. Organ systems Organ: organization of tissues Organ: organization of tissues Mesentaries: suspension of organs (connective tissue) Mesentaries: suspension of organs (connective tissue) Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) Abdominal cavity (intestines) Abdominal cavity (intestines) Diaphragm (respiration) Diaphragm (respiration) Organ systems…... Organ systems…... Digestive-food processing Digestive-food processing Circulatory-internal distribution Circulatory-internal distribution Respiratory-gas exchange Respiratory-gas exchange Immune/Lymphatic-defense Immune/Lymphatic-defense Excretory-waste disposal; osmoregulation Excretory-waste disposal; osmoregulation Endocrine-coordination of body activities (homeostasis) Endocrine-coordination of body activities (homeostasis) Reproductive-reproduction Reproductive-reproduction Nervous-detection of stimuli Nervous-detection of stimuli Integumentary-protection Integumentary-protection Skeletal-support; protection Skeletal-support; protection Muscular-movement; locomotion Muscular-movement; locomotion

29. Internal regulation Interstitial fluid: internal fluid environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes Interstitial fluid: internal fluid environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperature Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperature Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth

30. Metabolism: sum of all energy- requiring biochemical reactions Catabolic processes of cellular respiration Catabolic processes of cellular respiration Calorie; kilocalorie/C Calorie; kilocalorie/C Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate for powering basic functions of life (endotherms) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate for powering basic functions of life (endotherms) Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life at a given temperature (ectotherms) Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life at a given temperature (ectotherms)