1. Overview of Anatomy From the Head down to the diaphragm

2. The Nervous System CNS = brain and spinal cord PNS = 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves Neurons = sensory & motor senders and receivers of the nervous system Dendrites = afferent – receivers Axons = efferent – senders Synapse = space between where two neurons meet Neurotransmitters = chemical agents that help carry info across synaptic cleft (the boats)

3. CNS There are no living scarecrows….all living humans have a brain Brain – the commander-in-chief of the entire body

4. Brain Brain stem – 3 major reflex centers – Cardiac center – Vasometer center – Respiratory center Cerebellum – ‘little brain’ = regulating motor and muscular activity Cerebrum – wrinkly part – high level thinking

5. Lobes of Brain http://www.ind exedvisuals.com /scripts/ivstock/ pic.asp?id=252- 041 http://www.ind exedvisuals.com /scripts/ivstock/ pic.asp?id=252- 041 Frontal – executive functions – Broca’s area- left part (speech output) Parietal – preceiving & integrating sensory/perceptual info – Comprehending oral/written language & calculating math Temporal – left- auditory cortex (interprets auditory info) & Wernicke’s area = language comprehension Occipital – receives and processes visual info

6. Organizational Principles of Brain InterconnectednessAll brain functions and structures are highly interconnected, interacting via a rich, complex web of brain fibers HierarchyThe CNS is arranged heirarchically, with lower-level functions managed by the spinal cord and higher-level functions managed by the brain. SpecializationEach area of the brain is highly specialized to perform specific functions PlasticityThe human brain has the capacity to organize and reorganize itself as a result of experience Critical PeriodCertain periods of development correspond to rapid structural and functional growth in the brain.

7. Speech & the Brain – the triangle Broca’s areaHeschl’s gyrusWernicke’s area

8. Three areas In close contact with each other (left side of brain) Broca – fluent expression of speech/language Heschl’s gyrus – auditory perception & sensation; interpretation of sound Wernicke’s area – language comprehension

9. Respiration http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/anatomy.ht m http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/anatomy.ht m http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/hea lthcare_services/lung_diseases/about/anatom y/ http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/hea lthcare_services/lung_diseases/about/anatom y/

10. Phonation http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/lingu istics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio.htm http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/lingu istics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio.htm http://goldbamboo.com/pictures-t8437.html Vocal tract and larynx - http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonati on.htm http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonati on.htm

11. Articulation Vocal Tract - http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/lingu istics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/lingu istics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm Articulators - http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/journey/articu lation.html http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/journey/articu lation.html

12. Hearing http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Sound/ear.html http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Sound/ear.html http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&cdn=health&tm =9&gps=98_116_1020_645&f=10&tt=12&bt= 1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.jtc.org/audcorn er/ear.php http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&cdn=health&tm =9&gps=98_116_1020_645&f=10&tt=12&bt= 1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.jtc.org/audcorn er/ear.php

13. Swallowing Or deglutition Phases – Oral – mastication and prep of bolus Oral prep – Bolus preparation – Bolus placement Oral Transport – Soft palate elevates (closing off nasal cavity) – Lips contract, oral seal – Tongue blade drops, with bolus descending in oral cavity – Tongue tip rises to press against the hard palate ready for propulsion – Pharyngeal – bolus at tonsils, constrictor muscles – Esophogeal – sphincters to stomach