1. TETRA Security Security mechanisms in TETRA and how to ensure that the
solution is secure…
…from TETRA 1 through to TETRA 2

2. What we want to achieve with Security
Confidentiality
No one can eavesdrop on what we are saying
Authenticity
The people we are talking to are the right people
The wrong people can’t try and join us
Integrity
The information gets there completely intact
Availability
Communications are possible where and when they are needed
Accountability (Non repudiation)
Whoever said something, can’t deny it later

3. Threats to communication and the threats to security
Message related threats
interception, eavesdropping, masquerading, replay, manipulation of data
User related threats
traffic analysis, observability of user behaviour
System related threats
denial of service, jamming, unauthorized use of resources

4. Key Functions of TETRA Security
TETRA has several security features allowing most customers security needs to be met in a cost efficient way.
Authentication - ensures only valid subscriber units have access to the system and subscribers will only try and access the authorized system
Base Station
Infrastructure
Dispatcher “
????”
1. Authentication
2. Air Interface Encryption
3. End - to
End Encryption
XYZ”
Air Interface Encryption – protects all signalling, identity and traffic across the radio link
End-to-End Encryption - protects information as it passes through the system

5. Authentication
Authentication Centre
Challenge
Session keys
Calculated Response
Switch
Secret keys
Mutual Challenge MS
Calculated Response
Authentication provides proof identity of all radios attempting use of the network
Radio can authenticate the network in turn, protects against ‘fake base stations’ etc
A session key system from a central authentication centre allows highly secure key storage
Secret key need never be exposed
Authentication process derives air interface key (TETRA standard) – automatic key changing!

6. Radio Security Provisioning And Key Storage
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 01 provides a standardised format for importing authentication and other air interface encryption keys
Use of Recommendation 01 files will allow multi vendor terminal supply
Separation of logical key programming step from factory can allow all keys to be loaded in country
Meets national security requirements
SCK, GCK etc…
from national security authority
Standardised format
Imports key material from any vendor
AuC
TEI
Factory
TEI
TETRA
SwMI
Key Programming K
K, TEI

7. What is Air Interface Encryption?
First level encryption used to protect information over the Air Interface
Typically software implementation
Protects almost everything – speech, data, signalling, identities…
3 different Classes
Class 1
No Encryption, can include Authentication
Class 2
Static Cipher Key Encryption, can include Authentication
Class 3
Dynamic Cipher Key Encryption
Individual Derived Cipher Key
Common Cipher Key
Group Cipher Key
Requires Authentication
Includes over the air key management protocols
Allows seamless key management

8. The purpose of Air Interface Encryption
Network fixed links are considered difficult to intercept.
Clear
Air
Interface!
The air interface was considered vulnerable.
Air Interface encryption was designed to make the air interface as secure as the fixed line connection
Air
Interface
Encryption
Fixed
Links
Operational
Information
ANIMATED SLIDE
So what is the point of Air Interface Encryption? Well the best way to describe this is to think of the following scenario. The TETRA information is available at the Air Interface and on the fixed links. (next slide).
The fixed links have an inherent security associated with them. As an attacker I have to physically get access to a network and then determine the routing etc. Therefore there is a wall of a specific height I have to climb. (next slide).
However, the Air Interface is still relatively vulnerable, the argument that it is digital and even TDMA is not valid for anything other than the extremely casual attack! (next slide)
So Air Interface Encryption was designed to increase the security of the air interface to the same level as that inherently provided by the network. There is no point in making the Air Interface more protected than the network, otherwise the attack is moved to the now relatively vulnerable network. There is some talk about extending Air Interface Encryption to some point further down the network to give more protection. This gains nothing, effectively you are building one wall behind another, both of equal height, all this does is give the attacker a firmer base to stand upon when he climbs over!

9. Important properties of Air Interface encryption
Many threats other than eavesdropping
traffic analysis, observance of user behaviour
AIE protects control channel messages and identities as well as voice and data payloads
End to end encryption - if used alone - is insufficient (it only protects the voice payload)
Continuous authentication
Encryption key generated from authentication process
Encrypted registration protects ITSIs even at switch on
Security classes can be changed in operation – essential for fallback measures if authentication cannot operate

10. End to end encryption in TETRA
ETSI Project TETRA provides standardised support for end to end Encryption
ETSI EN contains specific end to end specification
Ensures TETRA provides a standard alternative to proprietary offerings and technologies
Ensures compatibility between infrastructures and terminals
Many organisations want their own algorithm
Confidence in strength
Better control over distribution
TETRA MoU – Security and fraud Protection Group
Provides detailed recommendation on how to implement end to end encryption in TETRA
The result – Standardisation and compatibility, with choice of algorithm
A big strength of TETRA

11. End To End Encryption ‘Standardisation’
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 02
Framework for end to end encryption
Recommended synchronisation method for speech calls
Protocol for Over The Air Keying
Sample implementations including algorithm mode and key encryption for IDEA, and AES in progress
DOES NOT specify implementation – can be implemented with module, software, SIM card etc..
DOES NOT provide module interface specification

12. Related Recommendations
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 01
Key transfer specification
Currently being updated to include end to end encryption key import formats
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 07
Short data service encryption
Currently being updated to reflect larger algorithm block sizes, e.g. 128 bits for AES
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 08
Framework for dividing encryption functionality between a SIM (smartcard) and a radio
No defined bit level interface (export control issue)
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 11
IP Packet data encryption
Work in process
Will provide a suitable means for high security packet data encryption, with commonality with voice encryption

13. Implementing TETRA security
TETRA security measures are by no means the complete picture
How well they are implemented – and how the implementation is evaluated is critical
The rest of the network – what else connects to TETRA – is equally important
The operational process and procedures equally provide countermeasures to the threats
Link
Other
Network
Other
Network
TETRA
Network
Other
Network
Landline

14. Implementation considerations – Air Interface Encryption
AIE should provide security equivalent to the fixed network
There are several issues of trust here
Do I trust that the AIE has been implemented properly?
Does AIE always operate (during registration, in fallback modes etc)?
Do I trust the way that the network (or radio) stores keys?
Do I trust the fixed network itself or can someone break in?
A strong AIE implementation and an evaluated network can provide essential protection of information
An untested implementation and network may need reinforcing, for example with end to end encryption

15. Operational processes to consider
HANDLING PROCESSES
Set Up Issues
Getting from the Organization Chart to planning secure communications
Getting the system setup properly
Introducing new units and new secure communications groups
Key Material Delivery Issues
Getting the right encryption keys into the right radio
Ensuring the security of key storage and distribution
Accomplishing fast, efficient periodic rekeying
Verifying readiness to communicate
Avoiding interruptions of service
Security Management Issues
Dealing with compromised or lost units
Integrating with key material distribution process
Audit control, event archival, and maintaining rekeying history
Controlling access to security management functions
KEYLOAD PROCESS
Protect National Security
Key load in country of use
Key load by security cleared nationals
Remove keys from radios sent abroad for repair
Key Load encrypted
keys cannot be read while being programmed
Customer Friendly
Keys can be programmed “In Vehicle” (& away from secure area)
Accountability
Audit logs of key distribution
“In Country” Key Generation
Secure Storage
CONNECTION PROCESSES
Connected networks
Security levels
Assurance requirements
Barriers
Own operating procedures
Virus protection
PERSONNEL PROCESSES
Ensure personnel are adequately cleared and trained
Where do they live
Criminal records
Experience in secure environment
Signed relevant agreements
Procedures for security breaches
REPORTING PROCESSES
Stolen radio reporting
Radio disabling procedures
Radio key erasure procedures
Intrusion detection reporting and response
Attack detection and correlation
…..and more.

16. Useful Recommendations
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 03 – TETRA threat analysis
Gives an idea of possible threats and countermeasures against a radio system
TETRA MoU SFPG Recommendation 04 – Implementing TETRA security features
Provides guidance on how to design and configure a TETRA system
Both documents are restricted access requiring Non Disclosure Agreement with SFPG

17. Assuring your security solution
There are two important steps in assuring the security of the solution: Evaluation and Accreditation
Evaluation of solutions should be by a trusted independent body
Technical analysis of design and implementation
Accreditation is the continual assessment of risks
Assessment of threats vs solutions
Procedural and technical solutions
Should be undertaken by end user representative

18. Maximising cost effectiveness
Evaluation can be extremely expensive – how to get best value for money?
Establish the requirements in advance
as far as they are known – security is always a changing requirement!
Look for suppliers with track record and reputation
Look for validations of an equivalent solution elsewhere
Consider expert help on processes and procedures

19. Summary: The essentials of a secure system
A strong standard
A good implementation
Experienced supplier
Trusted evaluation
Continual assessment of threats and solutions
Standard
EVALUATED

20. Maintaining security at higher data rates
TETRA 2

21. Mission Critical Data Applications on TETRA
Today’s applications need data capacity
Frequent messages, small payload:
AVLS from portables and vehicles
Database access
Status messaging
But some applications starting to need more data throughput
Less frequent messages, much bigger payloads
Mug shots
File transfer
Slow scan video
TETRA Single Slot Packet Data
TETRA Multi Slot Packet Data

22. Evolution: Applications vs. TETRA
today
TETRA 1 Circuit Data
TETRA 1
Short Data Services
Single Slot Packet Data
TETRA Multi-slot Packet Data
TETRA 2
High Speed Data
Database search
AVL
File transfer e.g
Still images
Slow scan video
QoS managed video
Not suitable
Suitable
Effective

23. TETRA Enhanced Data Service-TEDS
Backward compatible with TETRA Release 1
Network integration capability
Flexible data rates and spectrum use
25, 50, 100 and 150 kHz channels bandwidths
Can trade off data rate, spectrum and range
Integrated TETRA 1 and TEDS system
i.e. can receive TETRA 1 calls on TEDS channels
Technology selected for TEDS use
Multi-carrier QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in all bandwidths
D8PSK in 25 kHz
TAPS - an alternative technology based on GSM EDGE - has now been abandoned

24. High Speed Packet Data Deployment
TEDS will be the solution for mission critical
A range of channel bandwidths available in the standard
Offer a single TEDS channel at each site, in addition to TETRA 1 voice channels
Provision channel bandwidth based on number of users and their data application requirements
The modulation scheme can adapt to radio transmission conditions

25. Applications of TETRA 2 TETRA 2 Data Application User Benefits Police
Mobile surveillance camera that doesn’t alert the suspect
Greater detail can prove vital to remotely monitor the operation
Fire
Text and image results from search of chemical labelling database
Firefighters get clearer information to identify hazards
Ambulance
Camera can send real time images of crash scene
Doctors can make more accurate predictions of expected injuries
Transport
Live updates of arrival/departures boards
More relevant and accurate information to passengers

26. The Power of TETRA 2 Legend: Circle size = coverage area
TETRA 2 at 25 kHz
TETRA 2 at 50 kHz
TETRA 1
TETRA 2 at 100 kHz
TETRA 2 at 150 kHz
TETRA 2 at 100 kHz
TETRA 2 at 150 kHz
TETRA 2 at 50 kHz
Legend:
Circle size = coverage area
Circle height = data capacity
All TETRA 2 sites includes TETRA 1

27. Security in TETRA 2 TETRA 2 reuses TETRA 1 security features
Authentication
Air Interface Encryption
TETRA 1 encryption currently being extended to much larger data packets
End to end encryption
Mechanism for packet data in MoU SFPG will operate independently of underlying TETRA service
Security parameters can be established on TETRA 1 carrier and used on TETRA 2 (etc).
It’s integrated!

28. Benefits of Integrated Voice and Data in TETRA
Close integration between voice and data services
Immediate jump from TETRA 2 data call into voice emergency call
Less equipment to carry when voice and data applications on the same radio
An efficient expansion path for existing operators
Incremental investment to add TETRA 2 high speed data and maintain the high security level from your TETRA 1 investment.

29. Security benefits in integrated system
Common security measures for all services
Government approved security measures rather than just commercial level security
No need for users to worry about which data service is security cleared for which application
The system availability and resilience are high for all services
Public data networks look attractive, but cannot provide the availability or the priority service levels
Single evaluation and common accreditation issues for entire network

30. Conclusion
TETRA release 1 already enables sophisticated highly secure mission critical data applications
and is already being used today to protect and save lives
TETRA 2 will enhance existing data capabilities and enable new advanced applications – and keep them secure
Standards are nearly ready
End users should start influencing manufacturers by explaining their future needs and requirements

31. TETRA is an expanding universe
From Big Bang through to …TETRA 3 and beyond
TETRA Standards:
MoU and SFPG:
SFPG secretary:
TETRA will keep you secure
The MoU will keep you up to date….