1. Sentences and Clauses L/O: to review/learn about clauses and sentence structure to review/learn about clauses and sentence structure

2. A clause is the simplest meaningful unit of a sentence: A sentence can be made of one clause: Katherine likes going walking. Or it can be made of more than one clause, separated by conjunctions: Katherine likes going walking but she doesn’t like running. Clauses can be made of a subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial Harry chased the squirrel Subject (performing the action), verb phrase (the doing), object (receives the action) A compliment gives more information about the subject or object. It completes the meaning of the sentence it appears in: Harry is a great guitarist (noun phrase great guitarist is about Harry, therefore it is a subject compliment) Harry found the film appalling (adjective appalling is about the film, therefore it is an object compliment) An adverbial is a word or group of words that refers back to the verb’s time, place or manner (adverb or group of words to describe the verb). Harry kicked the ball quickly (adverbial is the adverb ‘quickly’) Harry is playing on Sunday (adverbial is ‘on Sunday’ when he will play)

3. There are seven common types of clause created by different combinations: S + VHarry + played S + V + OHarry + played + a game S + V + CHarry + was + great S + V + AHarry + played + on Tuesday S + V + O + OHarry + gave + him + a drink S + V + O + CHarry + thought + his performance + disappointing S + V + O + AHarry + passed + the ball + quickly

4. Label these sentences: 1.I yawned 2.I am ready 3.I opened the door 4.I gave him a pen 5.I put the box on the floor 6.I got my shoes wet 7.I went to London 1.S + V 2.S + V + C 3.S + V + O 4.S + V + O + O 5.S + V + O + A 6.S + V + O + C 7.S + V + A

5. Clauses are defined by status: The status of a clause depends on its constituents and whether it can stand alone as a meaningful unit of language. 1.Main clause (independent clauses) can stand alone and make sense: Harry played. 2.Coordinate clauses occur in sentences where there are two or more independent clauses: The band played for two hours but I had to leave early. 3.Subordinate clauses can’t stand alone. They have to be with a main clause. –They give extra info about the main clause –Generally led by a subordinating conjunction (like, although, because, unless, if, etc.) Will you pop in to see me while you’re here tomorrow? 4.Combining clauses – you can combine coordinate and subordinate clauses in the same sentence: He went to London and she went to Manchester because of a terrible row.

6. Q: How many types of sentences are there? 1. Minor sentence are complete and meaningful statements that don’t have a subject and verb combination. Be quiet. Goodbye. Sounds good. 2. Simple sentences must have a subject and a verb and should express a complete thought. The snow falls. 3. Compound sentences are two independent clauses (2 main clauses) linked by a coordinating conjunction. I went to Manchester and I went to Liverpool. 4. Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses connected by a subordinating conjunction. The workers left the building when they heard. 5. A compound-complex sentence is made up of at least two coordinate clauses connected by a coordinating conjunctions, and ay least one subordinate clause. Some of the children went home early but the others remained because they had no transport. 5!

7. So what?! The length and complexity of sentences can be varied according to the content and audience of a text; a different mood and tone can be created in order to appeal to different audiences. Look at the difference between the sentence structures of a broadsheet and tabloid newspaper: The scientific community is under the microscope as it nears hybrid embryo creation. This is a serious ethical issue since it questions the very nature of what it is to be human. The intention to find new ways of treating diseases that have so far proved untreatable is clearly laudable, but the magnitude of the moral issue can’t be ignored, as the procedure will involve destroying live embryos after fourteen days. Mad scientists are on the verge of creating monsters. They will take the sperm and eggs of humans and animals and mix them up. Living embryos will be trashed after fourteen days. The first example is more complex – it has a measured and serious tone. The second, relatively simple set of sentences, are more emotive and subjective.

8. You can classify sentences by their function. 1. Declarative sentences are statements that give information. This summer was the hottest on record. I don’t like cheese. 2. Imperative sentences give orders, instructions, advice and directions. They start with a main verb and don’t have a subject (the audience is implied). Go left and it’s first on your right. Answer one question from each section. 3. Interrogative sentences ask questions. Are you coming out tonight? Where are you going? It’s cold, isn’t it? He will get better? 4. Explanative sentences have an expressive function – they convey the force of a statement, and end with an exclamation mark. I will not do this any more! That was fantastic!