1. METR202- Study Urban Climate System Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Climate Model Professor Menglin Jin San Jose State University Outline: Key Urban Features Satellite Approach Model Approach Future Directions

2. We studied: Urban Heat Island Effect Urban aerosol effect on clouds and rainfall

3. Urban is an extreme case of human-change natural land cover. Urban regions has strong pollution, greenhouse emission. 60% people in USA live in cities Urban has unique water and heat cycles what directly affect human life Why do we need to Study Urban regions?

4. Related Publications Jin, M, 2012; Development of UHI index. J. of Climate Jin, M., J. M. Shepherd, M. D. King, 2005: Urban aerosols and their interaction with clouds and rainfall: A case study for New York and Houston. J. Geophysical Research, 110, D10S20, doi:10.1029/2004JD005081. Jin, M, R. E. Dickinson, and D-L. Zhang, 2005: The footprint of urban areas on global climate as characterized by MODIS. Journal of Climate, vol. 18, No. 10, pages 1551-1565 Jin, M. and J. M. Shepherd, 2005: On including urban landscape in land surface model – How can satellite data help? Bull. AMS, vol 86, No. 5, 681-689. Jin, M. J. M. Shepherd, and Christa Peters-Lidard, 2007: Development of A Parameterization For Simulating the Urban Temperature Hazard Using Satellite Observations In Climate Model in press by Natural Hazards. Jin, M. and M. J. Shepherd, 2007: Aerosol effects on clouds and rainfall: urban vs. ocean. Revised for JGR

6. SF, 2008

7. Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI) This phenomenon describes urban and suburban temperatures that are 2 to 10°F (1 to 6°C) hotter than nearby rural areas. UHI impacts: Elevated temperatures can impact communities by increasing peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution levels, and heat-related illness and mortality High temperature also enhances surface convection, and causes more clouds and rainfall

8. Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI): Urban surface is hotter than that of surrounding non-urban regions Surface temperature We need to understand why and what are UHI effects

9. Traditional Way to Measure Urban Surface Temperature

11. UHI is function of city size, location, geographic conditions, population

12. Video: Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI) http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112- videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library- MP4/urban%20system/ Urban Heat Island.mp4 reasons for UHI how to reduce UHI

13. Video: Urban Rainfall Effect http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112- videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library- MP4/urban%20system / Urban Rainfall Effect.mp4

14. % of Land Area Built-up 3 - 6% 43% of Land Area Dominated by Agriculture

15. Our Research Approach Using Satellite Remote Sensing to detect features of urban system Using Climate Model (land surface model) to simulate UHI and aerosol effects

16. Satellite observations retrieve urban system: Land surface properties : surface temperature, surface albedo, emissivity, soil moisture, vegetation cover Atmosphere conditions : aerosol, clouds, and rainfall urbanization significantly changes weather and climate It shows that

17. 1. Satellite remote sensing on urban regions MODIS land cover Red color means urban built-up

18. Night Light of Tokyo

19. Night Light of Paris

20. pictures made by U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellites Program (DMSP)

22. Dr. Menglin Jin San Jose State University (1-α)S d +LW d -εσT skin 4 +SH+LE + G= 0 Urbanization Effects Land Surface Energy Budget:

23. Dr. Menglin Jin San Jose State University (1-α)S d +LW d -εσT skin 4 +SH+LE + G= 0 Urbanization Effects Land Surface Energy Budget: Urbanization changes: Albedo (black surface) Vegetation ocverage (EP, roughness length) Sd, LWd (by aerosols, clouds) Tskin, SH/LE/G

24. EOS MODIS observed monthly mean daytime shows evident urban heat island effect (Copied from Jin et al, 2005a). The red areas show the dense building regions of Beijing. Urbanization impacts on skin temperature 10°C !!!

25. Urbanization changes surface albedo (MODIS) Urban surface albedo has a 4-6% decrease -> more solar radiation will be absorbed at surface  \ increase surface temperature

26. Urbanization reduces surface emissivity (MODIS) (Jin et al. 2005, J. of Climate) Urban reduces surface emissivity -> Less longwave radiation emitted from surface  More heat is kept at surface  Surface temperature increases

27. 3. Urban Aerosols and Their Direct Effects on Clouds, Surface Insolation, and Surface Temperature

28. Urban Pollution Sources Traffic Industry Indoor warming Aerosols are solid/liquid particles pending in atmosphere Size -0.01-100μm Residence time – hours-days

29. Video Urban aerosol effect on rainfall http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112- videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library- MP4/urban%20system/http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112- videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library- MP4/urban%20system/ Summer Precip w-Pollution.mp4 Winter Precip w-Pollution.mp4

30. July 2005 NASA MODIS observed Aerosol Distribution

31. Indirect Effect: serve as CCN Cloud drop Rain drop Ice crystal Ice precipitation Aerosol Direct Effect: Scattering Absorb surface Black carbon heats atmosphere and surface Most aerosols cool surface More aerosol ->small cloud effective radius-> high cloud albedo->cooling (Kaufmann and Koren 2006) More aerosol->reduce rainfall (Rosenfeld 2000)

32. Total solar radiation decreased by aerosol= 20Wm-2 (Jin, Shepherd, and King, 2005, JGR) Aerosol decreases surface insolation Based on NASA GMAO radiative transfer model

33. 6-year averaged AERONET measurements 6-year daily averaged aerosol optical thickness (AOT) show significant differences between Beijing and New York City seasonal variation of urban aerosol Beijing New York City

34. Reduction of surface insolation, Beijing

35. Urban Effects on Climate: An Analogue Urban Effects on Radiative Forcing Known, but Effects on Water Cycle Processes (e.g. Precipitation Variability) Less Understood (IPCC, 2007)

36. Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI) Is it a day time phenomenon only night time phenomenon only both day+night phenomenon How to deal with UHI? http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=t-sXHl3l-rM Watch video:

37. A case for San Jose-SF Bay Area, China

38. 3 Km 5/9/2011, 8 PM

39. WRF 1km 5/5/2011 5 PM

40. 6 PM, 5/5/2011

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42. 5 PM, 5/6/2011

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46. 1 AM, 5/7/2011

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50. 10 AM, 5/7/2011