1. ISSAM BARRIMAH

3.  What is the function of the tutor in PBL session  How directive should the tutor be?  What are the necessary facilitating skills he should have?  Should the tutor be a content expert?  Should the tutor transmit information? How much, when and how?

4.  To develop clinical reasoning skills, critical thinking and decision making strategies  To foster self-directed learning  To achieve integration across disciplines  To promote small group learning  To prepare students for life long learning  To acquire skills of team work

5.  Every one has the right to express his view  Debate rather than argue issues  Do not spend too much time on one issue  Respect each other  Focus on discussion and avoid side talks

6.  Attendance and punctuality are mandatory  All mobile phones should be turned off  Group should use white board as they discuss  Group should not make short cuts or skip a step  Problem should be discussed in the outlined sequence

9.  Differing definitions of expertise,  Expectations of the role of the PBL tutor, and  The structure and context of the PBL environment.

10.  Raising awareness ◦ To expand the group discussion on to a higher cognitive level  Facilitating the group process ◦ To ensuring that the group process flowed well  Directing learning ◦ To signal an end to the students’ discussion

11.  Evaluating  Summarizing  Giving feedback  Informing  Directing learning  Elicitation  Re-elicitation  Prompting  Refocusing  Facilitating

12. Tutor should find a balance between dominating the session or completely detaching himself from the discussion

13. Tutor should abandon his paternalistic attitude towards students and consider them novice colleagues

14.  Silence  High anxiety  Confusion about what student should do  Central issue is trust vs mistrust  Testing each others & leader  Request for greater leader involvement

15.  Be clear about task expectation  Respect all group members  Provide positive feedback  Encourage students participation  Remain neutral  Listen accurately

16.  Conflict  Competition over leadership, power, authority  Students molds ideas, feeling, attitude to suit the group  Therefore, some students remain silent while others dominate

17.  Adopt win-win approach  Listen carefully to every one  Provide support to every one  Clarify the importance of every one role

18.  More acquainted with each other  Active acknowledgment of others  Develop sense of group belonging  Feeling of relief  More interaction  High creativity  Openness and sharing information

19.  Group work independently  Tutor provide feedback when necessary  Try to avoid your temptation to provide knowledge

20.  Not all groups reach this stage  Interdependence  High morale & loyalty to group  Group is now task oriented

21.  Student center  Creates a motivation environment  Manages time and process  Uses questions effectively  Manages group dynamics  Ensures constructive feedback

22.  Interrupting students  Over-participating, directing  Telling too many stories  Promoting competition rather than cooperation  Dictating pace/ rushing things  Not encouraging students to go to board  Not punishing students hard enough or punishing to hard

23.  Join the group as participant  Do not dominate the group  Remind the group about previous topics  Any intervention should be to help the learning process  Encourage students to focus their discussion

25.  Listen carefully (verbally, non-verbally)  Behavior should not be rude nor patronizing  Do not humiliate group members for opinion or information  Differentiate value of information from value of a person  Acknowledge contribution  Does not interrupt inappropriately  Apologize when late or gives reason

26.  Be punctual  Identifies irrelevant or excessive information  Takes initiatives to maintain group dynamics  Accept priority of tutorial time  Describe strength or weakness in supportive manner  Give prior notice of intended absence

27.  Speaks directly to group members  Use understandable words  Use open-ended questions  Avoid judgmental questions  Resolve misunderstanding  Accept and discuss emotional issues  non-verbal is consistent with verbal behavior  Respond to non-verbal communication of group members

28.  Role of tutor is different from teacher’s role  He is a facilitator of the learning process  However, he is not passive but active