1. Chesapeake Bay Environmental Model Package A coupled system of watershed, hydrodynamic and eutrophication models The same package used for the 2002 load allocations The same package used for the 2004 native oyster study

2. Regional Atmospheric Deposition Model Benthos Component Watershed Model Hydrodynamic Model Eutrophication Model SAV Component The CBEMP circa 1999

3. Particulate Organic Matter Dissolved Nutrients Dissolved Oxygen Filter Feeders Particulate Organic Matter Deposit Feeders Dissolved Nutrients Oxygen Demand respiration filtration settling biodeposits feeding sediment-water exchange excretion sediment-oxygen demand respiration excretion diagenesis Water Column Sediments Diagenesis Model with Benthos

4. Key Assumptions and Properties The model is run for 10 years, 1985-1994, on a grid of 3000 surface elements (~4 km 2 ) using time steps of 15 minutes Oysters are restricted to their historical spatial distribution The model is parameterized for Chesapeake Bay native oysters

5. Key Assumptions and Properties A spatially-uniform mortality rate is specified that combines effects of predation, disease, and harvest Oyster biomass is dynamically computed based on local conditions including food availability, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and suspended solids

6. Fundamental Equation FF = filter feeder biomass (mg C m -2 ) α = assimilation efficiency (0 < α < 1) Fr = filtration rate (m 3 mg -1 filter feeder carbon d -1 ) POC = particulate organic carbon in overlying water (mg m - 3 ) r = specific respiration rate (d -1 ) β = predation rate (m 2 mg -1 filter feeder C d -1 ) hmr = mortality rate due to hypoxia (d -1 ) t = time (d)

7. Modeled Effect of Temperature on Filtration

8. Modeled Effect of Solids on Filtration From Jordan Model

10. Particulate Carbon Budget

11. Dissolved Oxygen Budget

12. Particulate Nitrogen Budget

13. Dissolved Nitrogen Budget

14. Particulate Phosphorus Budget

15. Dissolved Phosphorus Budget

16. Filtration Rates

17. Carbon Deposition

18. Respiration

19. Ammonium Excretion

20. Seasonal Variation in Oyster Density

21. Annual Variation in Autumn Oyster Density

24. Mg C/sq m

36. Conclusions Our results are consistent with alternate investigations including Officer et al. 1982, Gerritsen et al. 1994, and Newell&Koch 2004. The greatest ecosystem service of feasible oyster restoration appears to be SAV restoration. Other ecosystem services provided by oysters include nitrogen removal and dissolved oxygen enhancement.

37. Conclusions Oysters have larger impact on their local environment than system-wide We recommend restoration target specific areas with suitable environments. Look for improvements on similar scales.

38. Criteria for benthic control of phytoplankton (Officer et al. 1982) Shallow water depths (2 to 10m) A large and widespread population as opposed to more localized regions Partially-enclosed regions with poor hydrodynamic exchange with adjacent water bodies

39. Suspension-feeding bivalve model … applied to Chesapeake Bay (Gerritsen et al. 1994) Existing bivalves consume more than 50% of primary production in shallow freshwater and oligohaline reaches In deep mesohaline portions, bivalves consume only 10% of primary production Use of bivalves to improve water quality of large estuaries will be limited by the depth and width of the estuary

40. Modeling seagrass density in response to … bivalve filtration (Newell & Koch) The presence of modest levels of oysters (< 12 g C/sq m) reduced suspended sediment concentrations by an order of magnitude