1. Chapter 2 The Great Wall at Badaling, Changping, Beijing 1Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

2. 2. Spatial and Administrative Divisions 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.2 Great regions 2.3 Geographical belts 2.4 Southern and northern parts 2.5 Ethno-culture areas 2Prepared with assistance by Luc Guo

3. Keywords: spatial administration, provincial economy, administrative division, great region, Eastern/Central/Western belt, coastal/inland area, Northern/Southern part, culture area Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo3

4. 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.1.1 Historical evolution 2.1.2 China’s administrative hierarchy 2.1.3 Large versus small administrations 2.1.4 How many provinces should be there in China? 4Prepared with assistance by Luc Guo

5. Names of provincial divisions jun in the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), junguo in the Western Han dynasty (206 BC– AD 25), zhou in the Eastern Han (AD 25–220) and the Wei (AD 220–265), the Jin (AD 266–420) and the North and South (AD 420–589) dynasties, dao in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), lu in the North and South Song (AD 960–1279) and the Jin (AD 1115–1235) dynasties, zhongshu-xingsheng in the Yuan dynasty (AD 1279–1368), xingsheng in the Ming (AD 1368–1644) and the Qing (AD 1644–1911) dynasties. Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo5

6. Provincial level Prefectural levelCounty level Township level Village level Autonomous Region (zìzhì qū) Sub-provincial-level autonomous prefecture (fu shengji zizhi zhou); Prefectural-level city (diji shi); Autonomous prefecture (zihi zhou); Prefecture (diqu); Leagues (meng) District (shixia qu); County-level city (xianji shi); County (xian); Autonomous county (zizhi xian); Banner (qi); Autonomous banner (zizhi zi) Sub-district (jiedao); Town (zhen); Township (xiang); Ethnic Township (minzu xiang); Sub-county District (xianxia qu); Sumu; Ethnic Sumu (minzu sumu) Neighborhood committee (jumin weiyuan hui); Community (shequ); Village (cun); Gacha Province (shěng) Sub-provincial-level City (fu shengji shi); Prefectural-level city (diji shi); Autonomous prefecture (zizhi zhou); Prefecture (diqu) District (shixia qu); Ethnic district (minzu qu); Special district (tequ); County-level city (xianji shi); County (xian); Autonomous county (zizhi xian) Sub-prefectural-level city (fu diji shi); Administrative office (fu diji banshichu); Forestry district (linqu) Municipality (zhíxiá shì) Sub-provincial-level new area (fu shengji shixia qu); Prefectural-level district (diji shixia qu); County (xian) Notes: (1) “Sub-provincial-level” (fu shengji) administrative divisions are included in the “Prefectural level” administrative divisions. (2) Hong Kong and Macau are not included. Table 2.1 Names of various hierarchies of administrative divisions in China 6Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

7. Provincial administration Political form Population (million persons) Land Area (000 km 2 ) Capital city Official website a AnhuiS (sheng)59.5130.0Hefeiah.gov.cn BeijingZXS (zhixiashi)19.616.8Beijingbeijing.gov.cn ChongqingZXS28.882.4Chongqingcq.gov.cn FujianS36.9120.0Fuzhoufj.gov.cn GansuS25.6390.0Lanzhougs.gov.cn GuangdongS104.3180.0Guangzhougd.gov.cn GuangxiZZQ (zizhiqu)46.0230.0Liuzhougx.gov.cn GuizhouS34.7170.0Guiyanggz.gov.cn HainanS8.734.0Haikouhainan.gov.cn HebeiS71.9190.0Shijiazhuanghebei.gov.cn HeilongjiangS38.3460.0Harbinhlj.gov.cn HenanS94.0160.0Zhengzhouhenan.gov.cn HubeiS57.2180.0Wuhanhubei.gov.cn HunanS65.7210.0Changshahunan.gov.cn Inner Mongolia ZZQ24.71100Huhehaotnmg.gov.cn Table 2.2 Status of China’s current provincial administrations 7Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo (See next page)

8. Provincial administration Political form Population (million persons) Land Area (000 km 2 ) Capital city Official website a JiangsuS 78.7100.0 Nanjingjiangsu.gov.cn JiangxiS 44.6160.0 Nanchangjiangxi.gov.cn JilinS 27.5180.0 Changchunjl.gov.cn LiaoningS 43.7150.0 Shenyangln.gov.cn NingxiaZZQ 6.366.0 Yinchuannx.gov.cn QinghaiS 5.6720.0 Xi’ningqh.gov.cn ShaanxiS 37.3190.0 Xi’anshaanxi.gov.cn ShandongS 95.8150.0 Ji’nansd.gov.cn ShanghaiZXS 23.05.8 Shanghaishanghai.gov.cn ShanxiS 35.7150.0 Taiyuanshanxi.gov.cn SichuanS 80.4477.6 Chengdusc.gov.cn TianjinZXS 12.911.0 Tianjintj.gov.cn TibetZZQ 3.01200.0 Lashaxizhang.gov.cn XinjiangZZQ 21.81600.0 Wurumuqixinjiang.gov.cn YunnanS 46.0380.0 Kunmingyn.gov.cn ZhejiangS 54.4100.0 Hanzhouzj.gov.cn Table 2.2 (Cont’d) 8Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

9. Sources of benefits for large administrations: The large administrations can make relatively efficient use of their fixed cost and hence gain considerable advantages over small administrations. Marketing in a larger economy has many benefits, but the main economies of scale from marketing include the bulk purchases and distribution potentialities. Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo9

10. Figure 2.1 The optimum size (S*) of administrative divisions 10Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

11. 2.2 Great regions 2.2.1 Historical evolution 2.2.2 Statistical and economic regions 11Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

12. The six great regions: Huabei (North) region (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia). Dongbei (Northeast) region (including Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang). Huadong (East) region (including Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Shandong). Zhongnan (Central South) region (including Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan). Xi’nan (Southwest) region (including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, and). Xibei (Northwest) region (including Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang). Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo12

13. Figure 2.2 The six great regions 13Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

14. China’s three major economic engines: The Bohai Sea rim (BSR) area (including Beijing, Tianjin, the coastal Hebei, and the peninsulas of Shandong and Liaodong), The Pearl river delta (PRD) area (including Guangdong, and northern Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau), and The Yangtze river delta (YRD) area (including Shanghai, Zhejiang, and southern Jiangsu). Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo14

15. Bohai sea rim Pearl river delta Yangtze river delta Provinces included Beijing, Tianjin, coastal Hebei, peninsulas of Shandong and Liaodong Guangdong, and N. Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau Shanghai, Zhejiang, S. Jiangsu Climate zoneSemi-aridTropicalSemi-tropical Ethnic minorities Hui, ManchuYao, ZhuangHui, She Oral language Mandarin Cantonese (Yue) Wu Food-styleShandong (Lu) Cantonese (Yue) Jiangsu (Su) Table 2.3 China’s three economic engines (areas) 15Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

16. 2.3 Geographical belts 2.3.1 Coastal and inland areas 2.3.2 Eastern, central and western belts 16Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

17. China’s geographical belts: Eastern belt (including Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi, with 13.5 percent of the land area). Central belt (including Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Inner Mongolia, with 29.8 percent of the land area). Western belt (including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Ningxia, and Xinjiang, with 56.7 percent of the land area). Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo17

18. Figure 2.3 The coastal/inland areas and the Eastern/Central/Western belts 18Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

19. 2.4 Southern and northern parts 2.4.1 Natural and social contexts 2.4.2 Criteria for the bi- national division 19Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

20. Figure 2.4 The Northern and Southern parts 20Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

21. Northern and Southern China: Northern part (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Shandong, and Henan, with 59.8 percent of the land area). Southern belt (including Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, with 40.2 percent of the land area). Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo21

22. 2.5 Ethno-culture areas 2.5.1 Historical evolution 2.5.2 Organization 22Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

23. Figure 2.5 The ethno-culture areas 23Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

24. Five autonomous regions: Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region Inner Mongolia autonomous region Ningxia Hui autonomous region Tibet autonomous region Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo24

25. 30 autonomous prefectures (APs) in nine provincial administrations: 1.Gansu province: Gannan Tibetan AP; Linxia Hui AP. 2.Guizou province: Qiandongnan Miao-Dong AP; Qiannan Buyi-Miao AP; Qianxi‘nan Buyi-Miao AP. 3.Hubei province: Enshi Tujia-Miao AP. 4.Hunan province: Xiangxi Tujia-Miao AP. 5.Jilin province: Yanbian Korean AP. 6.Qinghai province: Yushu Tibetan AP; Hainan Tibetan AP; Huangnan Tibetan AP; Haibei Tibetan AP; Guoluo Tibetan AP; Haixi Mongolian-Tibetan AP. 7.Sichuan province: Ganzi Tibetan AP; Liangshan Yi AP; A‘ba Tibetan-Qiang AP. 8.Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region: Bayin‘guole Mongolian AP; Bo‘ertala Mongolian AP; Kezilesu Kirgiz AP; Changji Hui AP; Yili Kazak AP. 9.Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai AP; Dehong Dai-Jingpo AP; Nujiang Lisu; Dali Bai AP; Diqing Tibetan AP; Honghe Hani-Yi AP; Wenshan Zhuang-Miao AP; Chuxiong Yi AP. Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo25

26. Case study 2 Who owns Lake Weishan? Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo26 The full version of this research is available at: http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780123978264 http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780123978264

27. Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo27

28. Figure 2.6 The differently defined borders between Shandong and Jiangsu provinces 28Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

29. Chapter conclusion: The Chinese economy is one of the most complicated and diversified spatial systems to be found anywhere in the world. The only feasible approach one can adopt is, therefore, to divide it into smaller geographic elements through which one can gain a better insight into the spatial mechanisms and regional characteristics. It is common for the spatial division of the Chinese economy to differ, depending on the analytical purposes. 29Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo

30. Suggested reading Alesina, A., E. Spolaore, and R. Wacziarg (2000). “Economic integration and political disintegration,” American Economic Review, Volume 90, pp. 1276–96. Bolton, P., and E. Spolaore (1996). “ Economic Theories of Integration and Break-up of Nations,” European Economic Review, Volume 81, pp. 697-705. Bolton, P., and G. Roland (1997). “The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 112, pp. 1057-89. 30Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo (For news and information about China’s provincial and local administrations, please visit the official websites of the 31 provincial governments, shown in the last column in Table 2.2).

31. Suggested reading Chung, J.H. and T-C Lam (eds., 2010). China’s Local Administration: Traditions and Changes in the Sub-national Hierarchy, London and New York: Routledge. Friedman, D. (1977). “A Theory of the Size and Shape of Nations,” Journal of Political Economy, Volume 85(1), pp. 59-77. Gordon, Roger H. and Wei Li (2011). “Provincial and Local Governments in China: Fiscal Institutions and Government Behavior,” NBER Working Paper No. 16694, January. Goyal, S. and K. Staal (2003). “The political economy of regionalism,” European Economic Review, Volume 48, pp. 563-93. Guo, Rongxing (2012). “Interprovincial Border Disputes: The Case of Lake Weishan,” Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 21, Issue 57, June, pp. 1-20. 31Prepared with assitance by Luc Guo