1. Chapter 7 Grammatical, Semantic and Lexical Change Commentary on Crowley

2. Part I – Morphological Change

3. The world is full of variety, and grammatical systems are no exception. Morphological systems: Type A, B, C, D,... Syntactic systems: Type A, B, C, D,...

4. In Historical Linguistics, we study how such variety arises, and we find that each system evolves from another. Typological Dance A D B C

5. 7.1 Typology and Grammatical Change Morphological types (4) Accusative and ergative languages Basic constituent order Verb chains

6. Morphological types ISOLATING INFLECTING AGGLUTINATING POLYSYNTHETIC

7. Morphological types ISOLATING INFLECTINGAGGLUTINATING (The fourth type, polysynthetic, will be discussed later.)

8. Morphological types ISOLATING morphological reductionphonological reduction INFLECTINGAGGLUTINATING morphologial fusion

9. English as isolating language. English: I already gave it to her. (six words) Turkish: (one word easily divided into morphemes) =Agglutinating language

10. Tagalog as (mostly) agglutinating language Nakapagtataka. ‘Surprising’ (Tagalog Verb or Adjective) taka‘surprise’ (Noun) ma- ‘happen to’; na- past tense of ‘happen to’ pag- class marker CV- Reduplication (ta)‘continuous aspect’ Note: the ma- na- replacement showing tense is inflectional, not agglutinative, since it involves morphological fusion. Tagalog song: “Nakapagtataka”“Nakapagtataka”

11. Latin as inflecting language Marcellus amat Sophiam. Sophiam Marcellus amat. Amat Marcellus Sopham. Sophiam amat Marcellus. ‘Marcus loves Sophia.’

12. English inflectional –s as archaic residue I like Ike. You like Ike. He/She likes Ike. We like Ike. You like Ike. They like Ike.

13. Has there ever been a more useless appendage in a language? She likes Ike. -s expresses PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, MOOD, VOICE Likes represents the 3 rd Person Singular Present Indicative Active form of the verb ‘like’

14. These categories survive in the verb to be which has to ‘agree’ with the pronouns. I am going.1 st Pers Sing Prog Indic (Active) (am+-ing). You are going. 2 nd Pers Prog Indic (Active) (are+-ing). She is going. 3 rd Pers Prog Indic (Active) (is+-ing). We are going. 1 st Pers Prog Indic (Active) (are+-ing). You are going. 2 nd Pers Prog Indic (Active) (are+-ing). They are going. 3 rd Pers Prog Indic (Active) (are+-ing).

15. These categories all survive in the verb to be which has to ‘agree’ with the pronouns. I was evicted.1 st Pers Sing Past Indic Pass (am+-ed). You were evicted. 2 nd Pers Sing Past Indic Pass (are+-ed). She was evicted. 3 rd Pers Sing Past Indic Pass (is+-ed). We were evicted.1 st Pers Plu Past Indic Pass (were+-ed). You were evicted.2 nd Pers Plu Past Indic Pass (were+-ed). They were evicted. 3 rd Pers Plu Past Indic Pass (were+-ed).

16. The process of Melanau becoming more isolating. Suffixes and most infixes were lost between PMP and PM. As a result, PM became mostly an isolating language. However, remnants of the earlier agglutinating system with a few inflections still remain as archaic residue.

17. Tagalog is closer to PMP Tagalog is mostly agglutinating but is partly inflectional, e.g. mag- and pag- are difficult to ‘cut’ into morphemes. Rootbili‘buy’ Activemag-bili‘sell’ Passivepag-bil-hin‘be sold’ Durative aspectpag-bi-bil-hin‘being sold’ Completive aspectp-in-ag-bili-Ø‘was sold’ Past progressivep-in-ag-bi-bili-Ø‘was being sold’

18. Like English, Melanau morphology is (mostly) isolating. Melanau ablaut corresponds to Tagalog inflectional infixes: Root Active Passive(+Past) Melanau:təbaŋ~tubaŋ~tibaŋ PMP: *təbaŋ~*tuməbaŋ~*tinəbaŋin The process of change involved syncope and cluster reduction affecting transitive verbs in Proto- Melanau: *tuməbaŋ > *tumbaŋ > *tubaŋ *tinəbaŋ > *tinbaŋ > *tibaŋ

19. Phonological change had morphological consequences We are confident about reconstructing this sequence of grammatical changes because the same changes affected simple roots, e.g. PMP PMGLOSS (96) *baqeRu > *baqRu > *bau ‘new’ (108) *tupelak > *tuplak > *tulak ‘push’ (281) *tuqelaŋ > *tuqlaŋ > *tulaŋ‘bone’

20. Melanau dialects are developing a ‘periphrastic passive’ with k ə na[h,n] 4.ASHES B: Talak idun kənah rusuk ŋan abaw puyan. M: Sumek kənah usuk bak abo. D: Jalu kənan bənərəsi pəbak dabo. ‘Dishes can be washed with kitchen ashes.’ Note that Dalat uses archaic infix -ən- together with paraphrastic passive marker kənan, revealing the likely path of change from a more inflecting to a more isolating language.

21. Another example of grammatical change: Matu-Daro 64.GUTS/STOMACH B: Usus siaw may kiman tənawan.-i- passive ‘not’ M-D: Nay siaw may kənah kəman tənawan.(paraphrastic) ‘not’ D: Sup siaw dəbəy kənan kiman tənawan. (mixed) ‘ not’ ‘Chicken entrails are not eaten by people.’

22. (Melanau data is from the 200-Sentence list available on the Resources web page.)200-Sentence list Part II – Morpho-syntactic change

23. Fourth morphological type: Polysynthetic languages I sat with the baby last night.  I baby sat last night. I saw three owls.  I owl-saw thrice. The term for this is INCORPORATION. Incorporation fuses verb+object or verb+preposition.

24. Verb-preposition incorporation in Indonesian I sat in the chair.  I occupied the chair.(Lexical synonymy) Saya duduk di korsi  Saya men-duduk-i korsi.(Incorporation) I sat in chair I occupied chair I sent a letter to John  I sent John a letter.(Incorporation signaled by word order) Saya kirim surat kepada Jon  Saya kirim-i Jon surat. (Incorporation I sent letter to Johnsignaled morphologically)

25. TO BE CONTINUED