1. Rights Expression Languages in Digital Rights Management Xin Wang ContentGuard, Inc. October 19, 2006

2. Outline Concepts and purpose of DRM License-based DRM Systems Roles of RELs in DRM Business models Supported by RELs Conclusions

3. DRM Concepts Digital Assets Any resources, contents and services in digital domain Digital Rights Privileges for creating, distributing, using and managing digital assets Digital rights are not just copyrights – e.g., meta-rights Licenses Digital expressions or objects that carry information about digital rights Digital Rights Management (DRM) A unified approach to specifying, interpreting, enforcing and managing digital rights Content protection and watermarking technologies are supporting ones to make DRM more effective and robust.

4. DRM Purposes Not just prevent illegal access and sharing of digital assets But, more importantly, allow authorized access and enjoyment to more high quality assets in more convenient fashions and, at the same time, create more markets and businesses for creating, distributing and consuming digital assets

5. DRM in Multimedia Commerce Consumer Protected content Rights & Conditions Prices & Business models Author / Artist Original content CreatePackageSell Play Retailer Protected content Rights & Conditions Publisher Protected content Rights & Conditions Prices & Business models Clear Rights & Payment DistributeAggregate

6. License-Based DRM Consumer Protected content Author / Artist Original content CreatePackageSell Play Retailer Protected content Publisher Protected content Clear Rights & Payment DistributeAggregate License server License Rights & Conditions Prices & Business models Rights & Conditions Prices & Business models Rights & Conditions Prices & Business models

7. License-Based DRM Systems To use content, one needs to have a valid license to grant usage and possibly provide crypto key and other information for authorized usage of content Characteristics Licenses are associated with content, but can be separated entities with their own life cycle issuance, distribution, consumption, revocation and expiration Licenses specify who have what rights over what resource under what terms and conditions play, print, adapt, … Licenses also provide information for implementing business models, rather than applications hard code it preview for 3 times, rent for a week, … Licenses also carry information for content protection and trust management encrypted content decryption key, license issuance and revocation, … Licenses can be defined using Rights Expression Languages (REL) ISO MPEG REL, OMA DREL, XrML, XMCL, …

8. Rights Expression Language (REL) A standard language used to specify rights and their terms and conditions in the form of licenses for distributing and using digital assets Provide an authorization model to determine if a principal has the right to perform an action on a resource according to licenses within a given system context Support flexible business models in the end-to-end distribution value chain Enables trusted systems to exchange digital contents and interoperate for end-to-end DRM

9. Development History of RELs

10. Latest Development of RELs MPEG REL Profiles MAM (Mobile And optical Media) DAC (Dissemination And Capture) OR (Open Release) OMA REL Broadcast profile China AVS DREL

11. MPEG REL Data Model A license conveys that an issuer authorizes rights in the forms of grants. A grant specifies that a principal has a right over a resource under certain conditions.

12. A Simple MPEG REL License oRUTUiTQk … AQABAA== urn:PDQRecords:song:WhenTheThistleBlooms.mp3 2003-02-13T15:30:00 2003-03-13T15:30:00 zIRYaxl5EX … yQ== … AQAB== “PDQ Records grants Alice the right to play a song for a month.

13. Authorization in DRM “Can Alice play this.mp3 file?” “Under what condition?” “According to whom?”

14. License-Based Authorization REL Authorization Engine “Current time is 2003-12-21T10:00:00” “anyone can play mySong.mp3 in Dec 2003”, Bob says. Authorization Query Authorization Response Context Information “Can Alice play mySong.mp3?” “Yes, according to Bob.” REL Licenses

15. Generic DRM Flow usage tracking & reporting REL-based authorization content decryption watermark detection authentication user interaction capability presentation content rendering exception handling event reporting “play, save, email …”“I want to play”“who are you?”“do you have right to play?” “you’ve played …”“playing …”“Watermark presents?”“decrypt using AES…” “player crashed …”“playing is authorized …”

16. Typical REL Licenses End-user license rights to play, print, modify, … Attribute license right to possessProperty Distribution license right to issue other rights Offer license right to obtain other rights Revocation license right to revoke other rights Hybrid licenses condition prerequisite on other licenses

17. Advanced REL Features Variable Flexibility to specify an element instance at the time of exercising right, but not at the time of issuing the license Convenience for a collection of elements with common properties Pattern Capability of specifying a set of element instances according to some rules Service Reference Encapsulation of information necessary to interact with a service Support interoperability for stateful conditions Delegation Allowance and control on how rights can be delegated and transferred

18. Business Models Unlimited usage Flat fee sale Pay per view Preview Promotion Subscription/Membership Transfer Gifting Personal lending Library loan Site/volume license Rent Territory restricted Component based model User types based model Payment to multiple rights Holders Super-distribution Multi-tier models Composite content

19. Example Business Models Fixed subscription Monthly or annually charge (e.g., $19/month for any songs in subscription) Limited subscription Monthly charge with fixed amount of content consumption (e.g., $9/month, up to 35 movies each month) Event or transaction based charging Pay per view, per file, or per message (e.g., 10¢ per message) Burn to CD, output to portable device (e.g., 69¢ to listen a song, but 99¢ to burn to CD) Session-based charging Charged according to amount of time or data traffic used, (e.g., 2¢ per minute or KB) Multi-tier models Fixed subscription for Gold members, limited subscription for regular members 2 or more levels of limited subscription (e.g., $9/m for 35 movies, $19/m for 100)

20. Subscription and Domain Management Subscription management Subscriber license “Alice is a subscriber until Dec 31, 2006, issued by provider P” Subscription license “Anyone X can play a collection of content, provided X has a valid subscriber license issued by provider P”) Domain management Domain-device license “Desktop PC Z is a device of domain Y, issued by domain manager M” Domain license “Any device X can play a collection of content, provided X has a valid domain- device license issued by domain manager M”

21. Conclusions License based DRM systems support more flexible business models, via use of licenses RELs are languages used to specify rights and their terms and conditions provide the authorization function to grant rights support flexible business models in the end-to-end distribution value chain enables trusted systems to exchange digital contents and interoperate for end-to-end DRM