1. On a sheet of notebook paper, answer the following questions about the given political cartoon: 1. O – Overview – What is the picture? What is going On? 2. P – Parts – Pick out 5 specific details 3. T – What is the title? If one is not listed, make one up that relates to picture 4. I – Interrelationship – look at the title, why did it get the title it has or why did you give it the title you did? 5. C – Conclusion – Of all the pictures I could have shown, why this one?

2. Slavery in Texas and the United States

3. The Middle Passage Voyage of slaves from Africa to the New World Slaves tightly packed in ships’ holds Filthy conditions Disease outbreaks Some 20% died during the voyage to America Diagram of a tightly packed slave ship

4. Slave Auctions Slaves “seasoned” Slaves auctioned in a manner similar to livestock Inspected by potential buyers “Grab and go” auctions Slave auctions such as the one depicted here were common in the colonial era and after the Revolutionary War

6. 1793-1861 “King Cotton” Comes to Power Revolutionized southern agriculture In south, cotton became only product grown on many Plantations Transformed south into international power Southerner plantation owners believed their success was based on slavery, but that was certainly not the case

7. Explosion in Cotton Production

11. Slave Family Life Slave marriages not legally recognized Families vulnerable to separation Slave children often put in separate cabins from parents

12. Slave Children Slave infant mortality rates high Children generally malnourished Children forced to work at an early age Most labor involved unskilled work “Picking Cotton on a Georgia Plantation” Note the children working side-by-side with the adults in the field.

14. Impact of Religion on Slaves Religion an equalizer; both whites and blacks worshipped same God Negro spirituals Black churches A religious revival meeting

15. Southern Justifications for Slavery Traditional view about constitutional protection of property Religious, historical, economic justifications Many Southerners saw slavery as beneficial to slaves White “equality”

16. Discipline of Slaves Slave owners used a range of punishments Denying passes to leave plantation Whipping Shackles and chains Imprisonment in private jails A few rewards existed

21. The Underground Railroad Vast organization helping runaway slaves More blacks than whites involved Locally based rather than nationwide Larger significance

23. Runaway Slaves Escape extremely difficult Many runaways left family behind; relatives might be punished as retribution Recaptured slaves severely punished Underground Railroad made escaping somewhat easier

24. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Texas Slave Population, 1860

25. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures : Runaway Slaves Green Cumby WPA Slave Narrative

26. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey Through Texas. 1857.

27. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Marshall Texas Republican March 25, 1859

28. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph October 19, 1958

29. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Clarksville Northern Standard January 6, 1855

30. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures: Runaway Slaves Clarksville Northern Standard May 5, 1855

31. University of North Texas Libraries Primary Source Adventures : Runaway Slaves Clarksville Northern Standard October 24, 1857

32. Follow the Drinking Gourd When the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd. For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd. When the sun comes back, and the first Quail calls, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd. http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/Music/1- Weavers.GoodnightIrene.FollowTheDrinkingGourd.mp3

33. Follow the Drinking Gourd 1. What is this song about? How do you know? 2. What knowledge does the listener or reader need in order to understand this song? 3. Why do you think the composer created this song? 4. If you were a slave, how do you think you would feel while listening to or singing this song? What would you think if you were a white Southerner? 5. What genre does this song belong to?

34. full interpretation of the song was posted in the ‘Detroit News’ on Tuesday 25th. February 1997. ‘When the sun comes up and the first quail calls, follow the drinking gourd. For the old man is a-waiting to carry you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd.’ (With the beginning of winter on Dec. 21, the sun starts climbing higher in the sky each day. And in winter, the call of migratory quail echoes across southern fields. So Peg Leg Joe's ingenious song advised slaves to escape in winter and head north toward the Big Dipper -- code name, drinking gourd. A guide will be waiting at the end of the line. ) ‘ The riverbank makes a very good road. The dead trees show you the way, Left foot, peg foot, travelling on Follow the drinking gourd. ‘ (This verse directs fugitives to the Tombigbee River, where special "Peg Leg" markings on fallen trees will show they're on the correct northerly course. Travelling under cover of darkness, slaves could find their way along a river even on nights too overcast for the Big Dipper's stars to shine through. The Tombigbee River, which empties into Alabama's Mobile Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, originates in northeast Mississippi. Perhaps as many as 200,000 enslaved people lived near that river. ‘The river ends between two hills. Follow the drinking gourd. There's another river on the other side, Follow the drinking gourd. ‘ (When the Tombigbee ends, the runaways who'd memorized the song knew to walk north over a hill until they came to another river, the Tennessee, then go north on it as well. ) ‘Where the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd. For the old man is a-waiting for to carry you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd. ‘ (The song ends by instructing slaves that at the end of Tennessee River they must cross over to the north side of the big Ohio River, where someone from the Underground Railroad would ensure their passage to the first of a string of safe houses reaching all the way to Canada. )

35. http://pathways.thinkport.org/secrets/music2.cfm Additional Slave Songs…

36. Going Back in Time: An Attempt to Freedom You will assume the identity of a runaway slave, writing to your friends or family about your journey. Your letter will need to include the following: 1. Where you attempted to escape to and why. 2. Why you attempted to escape. 3. What the outcome of your journey was. 4. Create an illustration of your journey – yes it needs to be colored. 5. Please be creative and use unlined paper for your final product.