1. 2015 1990 1 Module 13: Effective Communication of Indicators Tools for Civil Society to Understand and Use Development Data: Improving MDG Policymaking and Monitoring

2. 2015 1990 2 What you will learn from this module How to design a tableHow to design a table The most useful types of diagramThe most useful types of diagram Which type of diagram to use in specific circumstancesWhich type of diagram to use in specific circumstances

3. 2015 1990 3 TABLES

4. 2015 1990 4 Two types of table may be distinguished: Reference tablesReference tables are appropriate in numerical reports. They give as much accuracy as possible, to enable secondary users to make accurate use of the data Investigative tablesInvestigative tables sacrifice accuracy for the benefit of understanding, and are appropriate in descriptive reports Typically numbers are rounded, sometimes losing several significant digits Types of Table

5. 2015 1990 5 When designing a table we have to determine Layout of the rows and columns;Layout of the rows and columns; Content of the cells created by the rows and columnsContent of the cells created by the rows and columns Headings, labelsHeadings, labels Table Design

6. 2015 1990 6 A concise, but informative, title should be given, which includes Title The date,The date, Place orPlace or Whatever else is common to all the entries in the tableWhatever else is common to all the entries in the table

7. 2015 1990 7 The rows, which gives a brief description of the variable which changes in value from row to row The rows, which gives a brief description of the variable which changes in value from row to row The columns (similarly)The columns (similarly) Row or column headings which are too cumbersome to print in full in the main table may be amplified in the footnotes Headings A heading should be provided for: e.g. ‘ICD = International Classification of Diseases’

8. 2015 1990 8 Units The units of measurement should be given for all entries in the table, either in the title or in the row/column headings Examplesmg/ml numbers in thousands – OR - ‘000

9. 2015 1990 9 Figures should be given only to the degree of accuracy that is appropriate for the presentationFigures should be given only to the degree of accuracy that is appropriate for the presentation After rounding, superfluous trailing zeros should be removed and the units of measurement altered accordinglyAfter rounding, superfluous trailing zeros should be removed and the units of measurement altered accordingly Accuracy

10. 2015 1990 10 Footnotes should be used to record: Conventions used Conventions used Explanation of terms Explanation of terms Amplification of headings/title Amplification of headings/title Change in coverage or definition Change in coverage or definition Exceptions Exceptions Differences in status Differences in status The source of the data The source of the data Footnotes

11. 2015 1990 11 Further explanation of terms used in the table should be provided, if necessary Explanation e.g. ‘Includes some births, within the country, to people resident outside the country ’

12. 2015 1990 12 Any change in the conventions used elsewhere in the table should be recorded Change in coverage or definition Figures for 2004 include still births, previously omitted from the statistics’ e.g. ‘Figures for 2004 include still births, previously omitted from the statistics’ ‘From 2001, ICD – 10 codes were used’ e.g. ‘From 2001, ICD – 10 codes were used’

13. 2015 1990 13 Difference in status of some entries in the table Status e.g. ‘Figures for 2003 onwards are provisional’ e.g. ‘* Data for 2003’ – where all other data, as stated in the title, are for 2004

14. 2015 1990 14 Source The source of the data should be included -This enables interested readers to gather more information -It also can give a guide to the quality of the data on show

15. 2015 1990 15 Template for a two-way layout Total etc Category A2 Category A1 etc Category B2 Category B1 Factor B Factor A Total Source Geographical and time coverage Units Footnotes

16. 2015 1990 16 Example

17. 2015 1990 17 Fonts Different type faces (‘fonts’) may be used to provide discrimination; For example, use of bold type or italics

18. 2015 1990 18 Vertical Orientation Numbers are easier to compare when the table has a vertical orientation The eye can make comparisons more easily when reading down the page than when reading across This is especially true when the variables are recorded to varying numbers of significant digits

19. 2015 1990 19 Example

20. 2015 1990 20 Example

21. 2015 1990 21 Be Consistent! consistent appearance Tables should have consistent appearance throughout the report labellingordering Conventions for labelling and ordering rows and columns, for example, should remain the same, as far as possible

22. 2015 1990 22 Don’t Interchange! A common fault is to interchange the rows and columns of tables within the report For instance, -When one table in the report has sex labelling the rows and age group labelling the columns - Whereas another table has sex labelling the columns and age group labelling the rows

23. 2015 1990 23 Numbering The most successful way of doing this in a long report is to use a two-part number within the chapter (e.g. Table 10.5 is the fifth table in Chapter 10) Tables should be numbered in order, so that they can be referred to in the text

24. 2015 1990 24 Use of Appendices Any table which is not required so as to be able to follow the written text, but yet is important to include, should be placed in the appendices If there is a set of tables that should logically appear together, perhaps because they are all very similar, then they should appear in the appendices Distractions from the narrative are thus prevented

25. 2015 1990 25 Tables from the first draft are often replaced by diagrams in the final report This will be because the diagram is easier to understand Also reference tables will very often be converted to investigative tables on revision Replace with a Diagram?

26. 2015 1990 26 DIAGRAMS

27. 2015 1990 27 Diagrams The table is the simplest way to present numerical data Diagrams cannot show numerical information as precisely, but they may be easier to understand, and thus more powerful as a descriptive tool

28. 2015 1990 28 All Diagrams Should Have ….. A titleA title Axis labels (including units of measurement, where appropriate)Axis labels (including units of measurement, where appropriate) Tick marks on axesTick marks on axes Labels for some tick marksLabels for some tick marks Labels for subgroups (where appropriate)Labels for subgroups (where appropriate) Reference to the source of the data shownReference to the source of the data shown

29. 2015 1990 29 Ordering When natural ordering is possible, this is recommended When natural ordering is possible, this is recommended: For instance, the bars of a barchart may be arranged according to sizeFor instance, the bars of a barchart may be arranged according to size Compare the next two examples Which gives the clearest message?Which gives the clearest message?

30. 2015 1990 30 Per capita expenditure on health, 2002 (international dollars) Source: WHO

31. 2015 1990 31 Per capita expenditure on health, 2002 (international dollars) Source: WHO

32. 2015 1990 32 Diagrams: Plus Points Good for communicating non-specific quantitative comparisonsGood for communicating non-specific quantitative comparisons Attractive to look at: make a report look more interestingAttractive to look at: make a report look more interesting Likely to appeal more to a general audience than a table of figuresLikely to appeal more to a general audience than a table of figures General time trends can be shown and compared more effectively using line graphs than using tablesGeneral time trends can be shown and compared more effectively using line graphs than using tables

33. 2015 1990 33 Example: Per capita expenditure on health (international dollars)

34. 2015 1990 34 The Pie Chart Source: WHO

35. 2015 1990 35 The Grouped Bar Chart (Per capita expenditure on health, international dollars) Source: WHO

36. 2015 1990 36 The Component Bar Chart (Per capita expenditure on health, international dollars) Source: WHO

37. 2015 1990 37 Line Chart (Moldova) Source: UNICEF

38. 2015 1990 38 The Bar Chart (Moldova) Source: UNICEF

39. 2015 1990 39 The Layer Graph Number of pupils in public day-time institutions providing general secondary education by grade groups (Belarus) Source: National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus

40. 2015 1990 40 MAPS

41. 2015 1990 41 Maps Maps are an excellent medium for displaying data according to geographical areaMaps are an excellent medium for displaying data according to geographical area Many software packages (e.g. DevInfo) have automatic plotting procedures and extensive map portfoliosMany software packages (e.g. DevInfo) have automatic plotting procedures and extensive map portfolios

42. 2015 1990 42 GINI Coefficient

43. 2015 1990 43 Which chart for which comparison? 1.Components as part of a whole Pie chart. Component bar chart. Type of comparison Possible Chart 2.Differences in composition of a whole 3.Sizes of related measurements Component bar chart (vertical or horizontal bars). Layer graph. Multiple pie charts. Grouped bar chart (vertical or horizontal).

44. 2015 1990 44 Which chart for which comparison? 4. Changes over time in one or more related measurements Line graph. Vertical bar chart. Pictograms. Change in ranked order of a set of measurements 5. Change in ranked order of a set of measurements Relationship between two sets of measurements 6. Relationship between two sets of measurements Grouped bar chart. Scatter diagram. Type of comparison Possible Chart

45. 2015 1990 45 Why use text to describe quantitative results? Because many people Prefer plain language to tablesPrefer plain language to tables Need assistance in understanding tables and diagramsNeed assistance in understanding tables and diagrams

46. 2015 1990 46 Three General Rules Don’t send the reader to sleep!Don’t send the reader to sleep! Take care!Take care! Check your work!Check your work!

47. 2015 1990 47 Practical 13 Tables & Diagram Please answer all questions in the word document provided Please answer all questions in the word document provided