2. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

3. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers) Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers) Located in southern Iraq Located in southern Iraq The flat land was vulnerable to attackers The flat land was vulnerable to attackers –City states: cities that had control of surrounding land –EX) Sumer by 3000 B.C.E. had 12 city states

4. Sumerians

5. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana

6. Deciphering Cuneiform

7. Empire of Hammurabi 1792 B.C.-1750 B.C. Great warrior; conquered most of Mesopotamia Great warrior; conquered most of Mesopotamia Code of Hammurabi: earliest code of law – collection of 282 laws; based on JUSTICE –Laws focused on the family –“Eye for an Eye” and “A tooth for a tooth” –Penalties differed for the same crime

8. Empire of Hammurabi 1792-1750 Empire of Hammurabi 1792-1750 Based in the city-state Babylon Based in the city-state Babylon Patriarchal society: dominated by men Patriarchal society: dominated by men –Women’s duties were in the home

9. The Babylonian Empires

11. Egypt A. Stable civilization B. Lasted a long time 2700 B.C.-1085 B.C. C. Very advanced; Nile flooded regularly 1. People planned for this, and felt secure 2. History divided into 3 periods

12. Old Kingdom 2700 B.C. -2200 B.C.  Pharaohs: powerful monarchs presided over the kingdom  Egyptians believed kingship was divine 1. Pharaoh was equal to deity 2. Polytheists: believed in many Gods Middle Kingdom 2200 B.C.-1652 B.C. New Kingdom 1652 B.C.- 1085 B.C.  Egyptians learned to make bronze weapons and war chariots  The Egyptians built a large empire 1. For a while the most powerful in SW Asia 2. But it grew too large 3. A number of people invaded

13. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

14. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

15. Preparation for the Afterlife

16. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankincense

18. Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

19. Abraham 1900 B.C.E Father of Israel- led his people out of Ur to Canaan Prophet: religious teacher sent from God Made a covenant (2-way promise with God) Monotheistic: belief in one god There was a DROUGHT -some fled to Egypt & were enslaved Father of Israel- led his people out of Ur to Canaan Prophet: religious teacher sent from God Made a covenant (2-way promise with God) Monotheistic: belief in one god There was a DROUGHT -some fled to Egypt & were enslaved

20. Moses: leader of the Israelites “Prince of Egypt” “Shepherd of His People”

21. The Exodus Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt “I am the Lord thy God…Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” –Exodus 20:2-3

22. Judaism 1 st monotheistic religion – belief in 1 god Most live in Israel or US 14,535,000 followers Symbol – Star of David Place of worship synagogue Leaders - rabbis 1 st monotheistic religion – belief in 1 god Most live in Israel or US 14,535,000 followers Symbol – Star of David Place of worship synagogue Leaders - rabbis synagogue in Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Germany

23. Yahweh Jewish God Creator & Ruler of the world Watches over, cares for/loves & protects his people holds them accountable for their actions Serve God by studying Torah & living by its teachings Jewish God Creator & Ruler of the world Watches over, cares for/loves & protects his people holds them accountable for their actions Serve God by studying Torah & living by its teachings

24. Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People The Torah  The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)  The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.  Contains laws & practices  The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)  The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.  Contains laws & practices