2. How We Got the Bible ORAL TRANSMISSION & EARLY FORMS

3. General Outline 1.Introduction, Canon, & Inspiration 2.Oral Transmission & Early Forms 3.“Discovering” the Law (Josiah & Ezra) 4.Apocryphal Writings

4. Hebrew Language Hebrew originally had consonants and no written vowels. Hebrew originally had consonants and no written vowels. Vowels were added in the 7 th Century AD. Vowels were added in the 7 th Century AD. Hebrew reads from right to left. Hebrew reads from right to left. Hebrew is a lyrical, poetic language. Hebrew is a lyrical, poetic language. A small portion of the Old Testament is written in Aramaic, as used in the Captivity. A small portion of the Old Testament is written in Aramaic, as used in the Captivity.

7. Absence of Textual Evidence The oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Scriptures in existent are typically from the 9 th to 14 th centuries AD. The oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Scriptures in existent are typically from the 9 th to 14 th centuries AD. The Dead Scrolls date back to 1 st century BC. The Dead Scrolls date back to 1 st century BC. Moses should have lived in the period 1400 years prior! Moses should have lived in the period 1400 years prior! What did Scripture look like in ancient times? What did Scripture look like in ancient times?

8. Wellhausen Documentary Hypothesis (Published 1878): The Torah had its origins in a compilation of four originally independent texts all written centuries after the time of Moses. J – Yahweh Text (Jehovah) J – Yahweh Text (Jehovah) E – Elohim Text E – Elohim Text D – Deuteronomical Text D – Deuteronomical Text P – Priestly Text P – Priestly Text Later scholars expanded this to many more sources and variations. Later scholars expanded this to many more sources and variations.

9. What Wellhausen Didn’t Know Kitchen: “The first thing to recall – which almost all modern observers totally overlook! – is how very, very little was known of ancient Israel’s surrounding context, the Near Eastern world, back in 1878.” Early Assyria or Babylon Early Assyria or Babylon Amarna letters (1300s BC) Amarna letters (1300s BC) Hammurabi’s Code (1770s BC) Hammurabi’s Code (1770s BC) Siloam inscription (700s BC) Siloam inscription (700s BC) Archaeological strata Archaeological strata Sumerians Sumerians Hittites Hittites Ugarit Ugarit Hurrian Hurrian Ebla Ebla Mari Mari Emar Emar

10. What Wellhausen Didn’t Know Kitchen: “So Wellhausen worked in a near vacuum and could speculate freely. But that day has long, long since gone. We today do have the vast resources hinted at just above. And they do enable us to profile ancient history accurately in its broad sweep. And straight bottom-to-top evolution is out. It never happened like that: no, not ever.” Kitchen: “So Wellhausen worked in a near vacuum and could speculate freely. But that day has long, long since gone. We today do have the vast resources hinted at just above. And they do enable us to profile ancient history accurately in its broad sweep. And straight bottom-to-top evolution is out. It never happened like that: no, not ever.”

11. Genesis: Patriarchal Religion Prior to Moses, we have many examples of God “speaking,” but none of anything being written down. Prior to Moses, we have many examples of God “speaking,” but none of anything being written down. Exodus 3:15 (ESV) God also said to Moses, “Say this to the people of Israel, ‘The LORD, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.’ This is my name forever, and thus I am to be remembered throughout all generations.” Exodus 3:15 (ESV) God also said to Moses, “Say this to the people of Israel, ‘The LORD, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.’ This is my name forever, and thus I am to be remembered throughout all generations.”

12. Exodus: Was Moses Real? Exodus 34:27 (ESV) And the LORD said to Moses, “Write these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” Exodus 34:27 (ESV) And the LORD said to Moses, “Write these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” But who is Moses? Myth or Legend? Myth or Legend? “Superhero”? “Superhero”? Embroidered Story? Embroidered Story? Historical Reality? Historical Reality?

13. Exodus: Song of the Sea Exodus 15:1-18 Possibly alluded to in Psalms 74, 77, 78, 118; Isaiah 11-12; Joshua 2-5 Possibly alluded to in Psalms 74, 77, 78, 118; Isaiah 11-12; Joshua 2-5 Written in the same style as poetry in Ugarit (Syria) from 1300s BC Written in the same style as poetry in Ugarit (Syria) from 1300s BC Written in a Hebrew style that is noticeably different from the text on either side of it. Written in a Hebrew style that is noticeably different from the text on either side of it. For comparison … For comparison …

14. Exodus: Song of the Sea Exodus 15:1-18 Possibly alluded to in Psalms 74, 77, 78, 118; Isaiah 11-12; Joshua 2-5 Possibly alluded to in Psalms 74, 77, 78, 118; Isaiah 11-12; Joshua 2-5 Written in the same style as poetry in Ugarit (Syria) from 1300s BC Written in the same style as poetry in Ugarit (Syria) from 1300s BC

15. Exodus: Song of the Sea

16. Exodus: Treaty Documents HITTITE (1400-1200) SINAI COVENANT from EX-LEV ASSYRIA (900-650) ARAM (900-650) 1. Title1. Title (Ex. 20:1)1. Title 2. History2. History (20:2)5. Witnesses 3. Stipulations3. Stipulations (20:3-17; ch. 21- 23 25-31) 6. Curses3. Stipulations 4. Deposition & Reading 4. Dep. (25:16) & Reading (24:7) 3. Stipulations6. Curses 5. Witnesses5. Witnesses (24:4) 6. Curse / Bless6. Bless / Curse (Lev 26:3-43)

17. Exodus: A Path Out of Egypt Exodus 13:17-18 (ESV) When Pharaoh let the people go, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near. For God said, “Lest the people change their minds when they see war and return to Egypt.” But God led the people around by the way of the wilderness toward the Red Sea. And the people of Israel went up out of the land of Egypt equipped for battle. Exodus 13:17-18 (ESV) When Pharaoh let the people go, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near. For God said, “Lest the people change their minds when they see war and return to Egypt.” But God led the people around by the way of the wilderness toward the Red Sea. And the people of Israel went up out of the land of Egypt equipped for battle.

18. Exodus: A Path Out of Egypt Conforms to Geography Conforms to Geography No Northern Route: Ten Egyptian Forts Leading Into West Canaan No Northern Route: Ten Egyptian Forts Leading Into West Canaan

19. Exodus: A Path Out of Egypt Kitchen: “Thus a southern exodus cannot be held to be proven, but it is both a viable and a realistic proposition; the narratives show a practical knowledge of Sinai conditions not readily to be gained by late romance writers in exilic Babylon or an impoverished Persian- Hellenistic Judea, hundreds of miles from the places and phenomena in question.” Kitchen: “Thus a southern exodus cannot be held to be proven, but it is both a viable and a realistic proposition; the narratives show a practical knowledge of Sinai conditions not readily to be gained by late romance writers in exilic Babylon or an impoverished Persian- Hellenistic Judea, hundreds of miles from the places and phenomena in question.”

20. Exodus: Is Moses Real? Kitchen: “In short, to explain what exists in our Hebrew documents we need a Hebrew leader who had had experience of life at the Egyptian court, mainly in the East Delta (hence at Pi-Ramesse), including knowledge of treaty-type documents and their formats, as well as of traditional Semitic legal/social usage more familiar to his own folk. … Kitchen: “In short, to explain what exists in our Hebrew documents we need a Hebrew leader who had had experience of life at the Egyptian court, mainly in the East Delta (hence at Pi-Ramesse), including knowledge of treaty-type documents and their formats, as well as of traditional Semitic legal/social usage more familiar to his own folk. …

21. Exodus: Is Moses Real? Kitchen: “… In other words, somebody distressingly like that old ‘hero’ of biblical tradition, Moses, is badly needed at this point, to make any sense of the situation as we have it. Or somebody in his position of the same or another name. On the basis of the series of features in Exodus to Deuteronomy that belong to the late second millennium and not later, there is, again, no other viable option.” Kitchen: “… In other words, somebody distressingly like that old ‘hero’ of biblical tradition, Moses, is badly needed at this point, to make any sense of the situation as we have it. Or somebody in his position of the same or another name. On the basis of the series of features in Exodus to Deuteronomy that belong to the late second millennium and not later, there is, again, no other viable option.”

22. Deuteronomy: Is There an Editor? Deuteronomy 34:5-12 The death and burial of Moses is recorded. The death and burial of Moses is recorded. v. 6, “to this day” v. 6, “to this day” v. 10, “there has not arisen a prophet since in Israel like Moses” v. 10, “there has not arisen a prophet since in Israel like Moses” Statements of this sort lead us to believe that the text(s) was edited at a later date. Statements of this sort lead us to believe that the text(s) was edited at a later date.

23. God Uses Scribes 1 Chronicles 2:55 (ESV) And the families of scribes that dwelt at Jabez … 1 Chronicles 2:55 (ESV) And the families of scribes that dwelt at Jabez … Psalm 45:1 (ESV) … my tongue is like the pen of a ready scribe. Psalm 45:1 (ESV) … my tongue is like the pen of a ready scribe. Jeremiah 36:32 (ESV) Then Jeremiah took another scroll and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah, who wrote on it at the dictation of Jeremiah all the words of the scroll that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire. And many similar words were added to them. Jeremiah 36:32 (ESV) Then Jeremiah took another scroll and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah, who wrote on it at the dictation of Jeremiah all the words of the scroll that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire. And many similar words were added to them.

24. God Uses Scribes Ezra 7:6 (ESV) this Ezra went up from Babylonia. He was a scribe skilled in the Law of Moses that the LORD, the God of Israel, had given, and the king granted him all that he asked, for the hand of the LORD his God was on him. Ezra 7:6 (ESV) this Ezra went up from Babylonia. He was a scribe skilled in the Law of Moses that the LORD, the God of Israel, had given, and the king granted him all that he asked, for the hand of the LORD his God was on him. Matthew 13:52 (ESV) And he said to them, “Therefore every scribe who has been trained for the kingdom of heaven is like a master of a house, who brings out of his treasure what is new and what is old.” Matthew 13:52 (ESV) And he said to them, “Therefore every scribe who has been trained for the kingdom of heaven is like a master of a house, who brings out of his treasure what is new and what is old.”

25. God Uses Scribes Matthew 23:34 (ESV) Therefore I send you prophets and wise men and scribes, some of whom you will kill and crucify, and some you will flog in your synagogues and persecute from town to town, Matthew 23:34 (ESV) Therefore I send you prophets and wise men and scribes, some of whom you will kill and crucify, and some you will flog in your synagogues and persecute from town to town, We should think of scribes and their custodial work of preservation and even editing as part of God’s plan for the Scriptures. We should think of scribes and their custodial work of preservation and even editing as part of God’s plan for the Scriptures.

26. Conclusions We do know that early oral stories were passed down from ancient times. We do know that early oral stories were passed down from ancient times. We do not know what form the earliest writings took (beyond a certain stone tablet). We do not know what form the earliest writings took (beyond a certain stone tablet). We do know that a “Moses” figure is needed to make sense of what we have. We do know that a “Moses” figure is needed to make sense of what we have. We do know that the content of the Pentateuch is authentically dated to the era of the Exodus. We do know that the content of the Pentateuch is authentically dated to the era of the Exodus. We do not know how much editing might have been done by scribes after Moses. We do not know how much editing might have been done by scribes after Moses.