1. Unit 16 - Plant Systems On the following slides, the green sections are the most important – hyperlinks are shown in purple. Underlined words = vocabulary! Background Image http://www.respect- texas.org/bluebonnets.jpghttp://www.respect- texas.org/bluebonnets.jpg

2. o The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas. o Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells! o In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response. Introduction Image

4. o Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose. o Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesis to obtain energy. o To carry out cellular functions, plants need: o Sunlight o Water o CO 2 o Minerals Review of Plant Cells Review of Plant Cells Textbook Reference pg. 559,605 http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg

5. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + LIGHT C 6 H 12 0 6 + 60 2 (Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen) o Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose as a food source for the plant. Review of Photosynthesis Review of Photosynthesis Textbook Reference pg. 559 http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg

6. o Plants have cell differentiation (different cell types perform specific functions). o EX Root cells, stem cells, and flower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant. o AKA Cell Specialization Cell Differentiation http://lifescitpjhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/DifferentiationPlant.png/301427382/ DifferentiationPlant.png

7. o Roots are specialized underground organs that absorb water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil and help to prevent soil erosion. o tap root – (ex: carrot) single large central root o fibrous root – (ex: grasses) clump of short threadlike divisions Absorption via Roots Absorption via Roots Textbook Reference pg. 612-613 http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif

8. o Stems are specialized tissues that support leaves to hold them up to sun, and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant. o Some stems are also modified for glucose [sugar] storage areas. Transport via Stems Transport via Stems Textbook Reference pg. 615-617 http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg

9. o Just like in animals, vascular tissues transport materials for plants. o Xylem – transports water (L for liquid) via capillary action in stacked cells to form straw-like drinking tubes; movement is up from roots to leaves o Phloem – transports glucose; movement can be up and down Transport Cont. Transport Cont. Textbook Reference pg. 562, 608, 610 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAA AAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif

10. o Leaves are the tissues where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs. o Veins run through the leaves, transport water, glucose, minerals, etc. to the plant cells Photosynthesis via Leaves Photosynthesis via Leaves Textbook Reference pg. 617-619 http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg

11. o Stomata are openings in leaf tissue, much like the pores in our skin, used for gas exchange. o Guard cells control the opening and closing of stoma; the cells surround the opening contain numerous mitochondria for energy conversion Photosynthesis Cont. Photosynthesis Cont. Textbook Reference pg. 697, 619 [Fig 23.19] http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/inte rviews/stoma_diagram.gif

12. http://mips.helmholtz- muenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisTha liana.jpg Stomates forming cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Image

13. o Flowers are a reproductive organ (not all plants have flowers) with male and female parts. o pollination – transporting pollen (male sperm) to female part (ovule) o fertilization – union of sperm with egg (creates a development of a plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant). Reproduction via Flowers Reproduction via Flowers Textbook Reference pg. 642 [Fig 24.9] http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg

14. o Male o Stamen – consist of the anther (produces pollen) and filament (supports anther) o Pollen – contains sperm o Female o Pistil – consists of the stigma, (where pollen lands), style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule (develops into the fruit) o Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually becomes the seed when fertilized o Non-sexual o Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees) o Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts Flowers Cont.

15. Flower Flower Cont. Flower http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html

16. o Fruits develop from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s), and sometimes other parts too. o The fruits contain the seed(s) o provide a means to spread and disperse the seed(s) and/or as a food source [rich in nutrients] for the germinating seed. o EX fleshy fruit like strawberries, apples, tomato, o EX dry fruit like walnuts and acorns Reproductive Tissues - Fruit Reproductive Tissues - Fruit Textbook Reference pg. 594 http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food- kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg

17. o Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. o Seeds are encased in a protective covering called a seed coat. o Video Video Reproductive Tissues – Seeds Reproductive Tissues – Seeds Textbook Reference pg. 594 http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/ seeds/seed.gif http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/imag es_rev/seed-pics.jpg

18. o Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg.. Seedless Reproduction Seedless Reproduction Textbook Reference pg. 562, 582 [Fig 22.6] http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlineco urse/Diagrams/c10/c10-4fern.gif Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad

19. o Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments (called tropism) – Tropism AnimationTropism Animation o There are four main types of tropisms: o Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in plants that make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against itit o Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards water o Phototropism = response that bends it towards lightlight o Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor) object Response Response Textbook Reference pg. 624-625

20. Response Cont. http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif

21. o Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response. o The most common example is the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect to digest nutrients using enzymes. o Nastic Slideshow Nastic Slideshow Response Cont. http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg

22. Plant Hormones Plant Hormones Textbook Reference pg. 622-623Hormones o A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is transported to another part where it causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate the growth and development in plants – o Some hormones include: o Auxins – promote cell elongation and growth o Gibberellins – promote cell elongation, bud development and seed germination o Cytokinins – stimulate mitosis and cell division Image

23. o Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet. o Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive. o Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.medical treatments Conclusion PhotographPhotograph by Luis del Río