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Chapter 6 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Structures of the Heart Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle Endocardium: Internal lining of chamber walls Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart Valves: Mitral (left), Tricuspid (right), Semilunar (2)
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders Auscultation: Listening through a stethoscope ECG (electrocardiogram): Electrical recording of heart action (helps dx CAD, MI, Valve disorders, some congenital diseases) Echocardiography: Ultrasound cardiography
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders (cont) Angiography: Done with X-rays, contrast injected – films blood vessel action Cardiac catheterization: catheter passed into heart through blood vessels
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Cardiovascular Diseases Signs and Symptoms Hyperlipidemia: Elevation of lipids or fats in the blood. Hypercholesterolemia: Increase in serum cholesterol. Arteriosclerosis and/or atherosclerosis: Occlusion of artery, lack of oxygen, depends on location. Peripheral Artery Disease: Thinning of lower leg skin, ulceration of skin, high-fat diet.
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Aortic Aneurysm: No symptoms at first. Artery wall is weakened, can cause bleeding which is hard to find. Hypertension: Consistent high blood pressure, headaches, sometimes a high salt diet and alcohol consumption. Thrombosis: Pain, blood pooling in lower extremities, deep muscle tenderness, inflammation. Coronary Heart Disease: Chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, weakness, shortness of breath, MI.
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Myocarditis: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia. Rheumatic heart disease: Fever, inflammation of joints, rash. Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic (A) – Excessive Ventricular growth; Restrictive – Dyspnea, arthopnea, perpheral edema, weakness, fatigue. Mitral stenosis: Increased pressure in heart, congestion of veins, cyanosis, congestive heart failure. Aortic stenosis: Hypertrophy of left ventricle, calcified deposits on valve.
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Congestive Heart Failure: Shortness of breath, fatigue, edema. Cardiac arrhythmias: Supraventricular – tachycardia, bradycardia, heart block, syncope, edema, SOB; Ventricular – SOB, fatigue, edema. Shock: Drop in BP, too low to sustain life. Septal defects: Heart murmur, ventriculoseptal defect causes increased blood flow to lungs. Patent ductus arteriosus: increased pressure in lungs can lead to pulmonary hypertension.
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