1. Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads

2. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

3. Other Female Salons ► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin. ► In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania. ► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

4. A Parisian Salon

5. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

6. The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794)

8. Diderot’s Encyclopedia French philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751 –Set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays Encyclopedia articles anger French government, Catholic Church Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

9. Diderot’s Encyclopedia It was intended to question everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality

10. Diderot’s Encyclopedia Reactions to it: –Government and Church saw it as a threat –Government had it censored and halted production –The Pope pronounced excommunication on those who read or bought it

11. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

12. The Encyclopédie ► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking. ► 28 volumes. ► Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. ► First published in 1751. ► 1500 livres a set.

13. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

16. Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

17. Reading During the Enlightenment ► Literacy:  80% for men; 60% for women. ► Books were expensive (one day’s wages). ► Many readers for each book (20 : 1)  novels, plays & other literature.  journals, memoirs, “private lives.”  philosophy, history, theology.  newspapers, political pamphlets.

18. An Increase in Reading

20. “Must Read” Books of the Time

21. New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges –Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design –Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

22. Baroque Music Representative Composers –Antonio Vivaldi –Johann Sebastian Bach –George Friedrich Handel

23. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Representative Works –Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723. –46 operas –76 sonatas –Chamber music –Sacred music

24. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Representative Works –cantatas –chorales –organ works –lute music –chamber music –canons and fugues Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

25. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) Representative Works –42 operas –29 oratorios –120 cantatas, trios, duets –numerous arias –chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

26. Changes in Music and Literature Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style –Led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters Samuel Richard’s Pamela is considered first true English novel –Focused on family life and everyday problems of love, marriage, and morality

27. Classical Music Representative Composers –Joseph Haydn –Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –Ludwig van Beethoven

28. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” Representative Works –104 Symphonies –numerous concertos for various instruments –15 operas –other music

29. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Representative works –23 operas –numerous symphonies “Toy Symphony” –concertos “Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314” –piano music –chamber music –sacred music masses

30. Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works –Symphonies (5 th and 9 th probably the most famous) –Piano music “Fur Elise” –Vocal music Operas Choral music

33. Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened despots –Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule

34. Frederick the Great –Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system –Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

35. Joseph II Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

36. Catherine the Great Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796 Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

37. Catherine Expands Russia In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing Russia’s size