2. desire to reach the east led to improved navigation oThe desire to reach the east where the goods were found led to improved navigation Italian traders created a monopoly (they controlled prices o Italian traders created a monopoly (they controlled prices) in the Holy Land (Muslim traders would trade only with Italian traders) goods too expensive for most o This made goods too expensive for most Europeans

3. led to improved navigation to bypass the Middle East oThis led to improved navigation to find an all water route to bypass the Middle East. Magnetic compass a. Magnetic compass - to determine direction Astrolabe b. Astrolabe – was used to calculate position using the sun and stars

4. c. Sextant - used to determine latitude by pointing at horizon and using the suns position Caravel d. Caravel - a ship with 3 masts, 2 square sails and a single triangular sail that moved to catch crosswinds

5. Educated people believed the world was round a.Portugal-1 st to search for an all water route to Asia sailed south around Africa b.They sailed south around Africa

6. Religion Religion as a Cause Most western European nations were Catholic Most western European nations were Catholic – Catholic church controlled by the Pope Pope & the Church felt it necessary to spread Christianity Pope & the Church felt it necessary to spread Christianity – Missionaries left Europe to Christianize the world – Missionaries left Europe by the thousands to Christianize the world – European monarchs charted many voyages with this plan

7. Spain wants in on the wealth –To share in the rich Asian trade –Spread Christianity –Fame –Gold, Glory, & God Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus –Sail west to reach Asia King & Queen accept his proposal Believed he found Asia Landed on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti) –Credited with discovering the Ameri –Credited with discovering the Americas Spanish Exploration

8. Spain & Portugal fought Spain & Portugal fought over new lands – Almost came to war Line of Demarcation Line of Demarcation – Line drawn to divide the world between Spain & Portugal – Portugal protested the placement of the line Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas – Moved the Line – Moved the Line of Demarcation west – Portugal able to settle in New World Land Disputes Land Disputes in the New World

9. Mercantilism Coloniespurpose to make money for the mother countryColonies sole purpose to make money for the mother country A favorable balance of tradeA favorable balance of trade for mother country –Colonies provide raw materials –Colonies served as new markets –Colonies served as new markets for goods made in the home country

10. Religious Rivalry Reformation led to ProtestantismReformation of Catholic church led to a new form of Christianity (Protestantism) –Did not accept the Pope Caused widespread conflict in EuropeCaused widespread conflict in Europe –England (Protestant) vs Spain (Catholic) –Spanish Armada sent to restore control, but was defeated & allowed England to colonize North America

11. Religious Rivalry in North America Catholics from Spain and French spread faith among Natives Spanish in southwest and southeastSpanish settled in southwest and southeast America French in northeastFrench settled in northeast America Dutch and English along Atlantic CoastDutch and English set up Protestant colonies along Atlantic Coast

12. Italians, Dutch, & French only interested in trading English fished (originally) offCanada English fished (originally) off eastern Canada They created profitable industries Northwest Passage