1. GEOSC 10: Geology of the National Parks Living on Earth II: Biodiversity, Climate Change, & the Future Presented by Dr. Richard Alley The Pennsylvania State University

2. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Moose, Captain Cook State Recreation Area, Alaska

3. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Moose in town, Anchorage, Alaska. Humans and wildlife are interacting more and more, because we keep moving into their habitat.

4. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Elk at Yellowstone National Park rest on the upper surface of Mammoth Hot Springs. The open setting discourages the bugs that torment the elk.

5. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Caribou, south Greenland, doing the same thing as the elk in the previous picture—dodging bugs.

6. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Not quite so large… a golden-mantled ground squirrel, Yoho National Park, Canada.

7. GEOSC 10: Geology of the National Parks The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Where Caribou Meet Oil Conduits (plus some coal pictures) ABOVE: USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014- 03/pipeline.html RIGHT: Fish and Wildlife Service http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014- 03/pipeline.html

8. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks http://arctic.fws.gov/index.htm The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (above) and its caribou (right). Photos from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; photo below hosted on web site of Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/ environment/caribou.gif

9. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/frozen_north.html Satellite image showing ANWR. To the north (top of picture) sea ice floats in the Beaufort Sea. Below, rivers drain from snow-covered mountains.

10. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Slightly fuzzy USGS map of oil (green), gas (red), and a lot of dry holes (gray) for the U.S. Alaska is reduced to fit; ANWR is at the far north (top) of Alaska. http://geology.usgs.gov/connections/blm/energy/o&g_assess.htm

11. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/people/pi oneers.html Historical photo of the world’s first oil well, Drake Well Museum, Titusville, PA. http://www.ice.gov/graphics/news/insideice/images/oilwell_lg.jpg Modern Pennsylvania oil well. This happens to be a well that was seized by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of the U.S. Government as part of investigation of drug crimes.

12. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks USGS map of coal resources in the contiguous U.S. The numbers and blue lines refer to different coal regions used in USGS studies. 1-3 on the far right are anthracite, 4-8 and 12- 23 (shown in green and blue) are bituminous (of various grades; greener colors are closer to lignite, and the red bits in 4 and 7 are close to anthracite), and regions 9-11shown in yellow and orange are lignite. http://energy.er.usgs.gov/products/databases/ USCoal/figure1.htm

13. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Natural forcing explains temperature changes of a century ago but not recently; human forcing explains recent changes—Nature mattered, but now we control. Each panel shows measured global-average temperature 1860-2000 (red line) and a model reconstruction with uncertainty (gray band). Natural causes (more sun, fewer volcanoes) started warming (upper left) but switched to cooling; human causes (greenhouse gases, plus acid rain blocking sun) cooled in 1950s, now warming strongly (upper right and bottom). Effects on temperature of changing sun & volcanoes Effects on temperature of changing greenhouse gases & acid rain Effects on temperature of changing greenhouse gases, acid rain, sun & volcanoes UN IPCC, http://www.ipcc.ch

14. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Past change in CO 2 is small compared to change coming, CO 2 is still likely to be going up in 2100, and the world doesn’t end then (you may live past 2100…). (UN IPCC, http://www.ipcc.ch) Scenarios show different possible futures, depending on how fast economy grows and how hard humans try to clean up CO 2. Change so far. Change to come. ???

15. GEOSC 10 - Geology of the National Parks Past temperature change is small compared to expected change for all scenarios and climate models tested. Change so far is small enough that only those really paying attention have noticed; future change is expected to be much bigger. All projections show temperatures rising beyond the year 2100, which is not the end of time. UN IPCC, http://www.ipcc.ch YEAR Change so far. Change to come. ??? Uncertainty arises both from not knowing what humans will do (different scenarios of human behavior are used, shown by different colors), and from not knowing exactly how nature will respond to humans (estimated by running each scenario through a range of computer models of the climate to produce the color-coded bars on the far right showing possible changes for that scenario).