1. Sectarianism: Lebanon (and Iraq) POLS1270 Prof. M. Cammett March 15, 2012

2. The Lebanese Political System Structure of representation The Ottoman era origins of sectarian power-sharing in Lebanon 1943 National Pact Electoral system: – Open-list PR – Multi-member districts – “Joint electorates with reserve seats” Challenges of the system What’s at stake?

3. Phases of the Lebanese Civil War(s ) 1975-76: “Two-year war” 1977-78: Assassinations Late 1970s: Formation of LF 1978: Israeli invasion 1982: Israeli occupation of Beirut 1982+: Formation of Hezbollah (officially, 1985) 1985: War of the Camps Mid-Late 1980s: Intra-Christian fighting What does this account tell us about sectarianism in Lebanon? Why the civil war? Territories controlled by militias in Lebanon (approx. 1983-1989)

4. Post-War Politics 1990: Ta’if Accord Syrian control Demilitarization and the Resumption of institutionalized politics Reconstruction and its discontents Elections – National (1992, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2009) – Municipal (1998, 2004, 2010) Downtown Beirut, Before & After (Solidère Project)

5. 2005: A Watershed Year Feb. 14, 2005: PM Rafiq Hariri assassinated Emergence of “March 14 th ” & “March 8 th ” Blocs Rising “sectarian” tensions May 2008: Clashes 2008: Doha Accord

6. The 2009 Elections & their Aftermath Dynamics & results of the 2009 elections – Recap: Electoral System – Vote-buying and monitoring 2011: Opposition brings down Hariri government  PM Najib Mikati Anti-sectarian protests Why does sectarianism remain entrenched? Ballot: Metn District (Broumana Precinct)

7. Iraq: Basic Background 1921: Hashemite Monarchy (Faisal I) 1930s: Shia rebellions 1958: Coup (Qasim/Arif)  Republic 1963-1968: Rise of Ba’ath, coups/counter-coups 1960s/1970s: Kurdish opposition 1979: Saddam Hussein Wars – Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) – First Gulf War (1991) – Sanctions & their toll – Second Gulf War (2003) More on Iraq and the dynamics of sectarianism...