1. Factors in the Location of Child Labour Preet Rustagi IHD, New Delhi and Dev Nathan IHD, New Delhi and Duke University, USA

2. Current Locations of child labour Manufacturing – Home-based work – Household workshops of informal sector This is so in production for both international and domestic markets Agriculture – Home-based work – Agricultural fields – Grazing livestock

3. Services - Locations In auto repair workshops At hotels and restaurants Retail shops Domestic help

4. Garments’ outsourcing process – embellishment/ thread cutting in NCR Garment factory Wholesale contractor Sub-contractor – Location dealers Each location, there is a line, some times layers of contractors who work with location dealers They are in general friends/relatives/ other known persons of the home based workers Home based workers Households – male, female and children Households units– male, and children, including some trafficked

5. Why not in main factories? The law prohibits it But implementation of law is due to: – In the case of production for export – the rise of private buyer codes that require no children below 18 – In the case of production for the domestic market - sustained media exposure and campaigning by child rights’ advocates These factors have led to a change in the location of child labour in manufacturing – away from main factories to home-based work and household workshops

6. Notice at garment factory, Delhi

7. School going girl working with her father at home during off school time

8. Main street in Seemapuri area where households and household units engage in embellishment work

9. Workplace cum hostel: Household unit where migrant boys are employed

10. Boy working in a household workshop

11. Why are informal workshops set up in household areas? – In order to double as living space after working hours – In order to be away from public gaze – The law allows children to work with parents / relatives – This is used to have informal units that are not subject to compliance mechanisms – This is informality in order to evade legal regulation

12. Other dispersed locations – Restaurants – Auto workshops – Agricultural fields – Employers’ houses Difficult to monitor Often in activities away from public view – E.g. in dish-washing at the back of dhabas

13. Factors in location of child labour 1.Law which – Prohibits in the factory – Permits at home, and in – Household workshops 2.Enforcement brought about by – Pressure from international buyers – Media exposure and child rights’ campaigns 3.Dispersed locations where regulation difficult 4.Employers’ attempts to conceal activities from public view

14. CONCLUSIONS Legal reform – To remove locations and relations exempted from purview – For universal and compulsory education CCT where adult earnings are low New forms of regulation - not punitive, but working out methods to overcome the problems Involving the community – importance of value systems and community norms