1. Wind Energy Developed and presented by Ed Shoener To Wilkes University FYF 101J 19 November 2007

2. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!

4. Why such growth…costs! 1979: 40 cents/kWh Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh

5. Elegant Power Source

6. Need to Change Perceptions…

9. Modern Windmills

10. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills Small (  10 kW) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Large (250 kW - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Intermediate (10-250 kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power

11. Modern Small Wind Turbines: High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance Technically Advanced Technically Advanced Only 2-3 Moving Parts Only 2-3 Moving Parts Very Low Maintenance Requirements Very Low Maintenance Requirements Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders 10 kW 50 kW 400 W 900 W (Not to scale)

13. Large Wind Turbines 328’ base to blade 328’ base to blade Each blade 125’ Each blade 125’ Span greater than 747 Span greater than 747 163.3 tons total 163.3 tons total Foundation 20’ deep Foundation 20’ deep Rated at 1.5 to 3.0 megawatt Rated at 1.5 to 3.0 megawatt Supply at least 350 homes Supply at least 350 homes

16. Connected to Regional Power Grid

17. Wind Farms

18. Windfarm 2

19. Off-Shore Windfarms

20. Denmark

22. Wind Power Today: Relative Height EmpireEiffelUmass 1.5 MWMediumFarm State TowerLibrary TurbineTurbine Turbine 1250’986’297’ 356’ 212’ 142’ 381 m301 m 90 m 109 m 65 m 43 m 28 stories--------------examples ------------------- Relative height of tall human structures

23. North Wind HR3 rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m North Wind 100 rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Enercon E-66 rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m Enercon E-112 rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines Wind Turbine Technology

24. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

26. Potential of Wind Energy

28. Source: U.S. DOE Wind Potential

30. Key Environmental Issues facing Wind Power

31. Photosimulation of Wind Plant Actual Wind Plant

32. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses

33. BATS BATS Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energy facilities in the U.S. and annual mortality has been estimated to vary from <2 to nearly 50 bats/turbine/year. Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energy facilities in the U.S. and annual mortality has been estimated to vary from <2 to nearly 50 bats/turbine/year. Current evidence suggests that bat mortality appears to be highest in or near forests, especially along ridge tops, moderate in open areas close to forest in the Midwest, and lowest in open grassland or farmland away from forests. Current evidence suggests that bat mortality appears to be highest in or near forests, especially along ridge tops, moderate in open areas close to forest in the Midwest, and lowest in open grassland or farmland away from forests. No endangered species of bat has yet been found and reported killed at a wind farm in the continental United States. No endangered species of bat has yet been found and reported killed at a wind farm in the continental United States. Many of the bats involved in collisions with wind turbines were apparently migrating. Many of the bats involved in collisions with wind turbines were apparently migrating. About seven species of bats have been documented to collide with wind turbines. About seven species of bats have been documented to collide with wind turbines. Bats involved are primarily common, tree-dwelling bats with widespread geographic distributions. Bats involved are primarily common, tree-dwelling bats with widespread geographic distributions. Bat fatality at wind turbines is largely understudied; to date, only 12 studies have been conducted in the U.S. Numerous information gaps remain and warrant investigation. Only one refereed journal article on bat mortality at turbines has been published. Bat fatality at wind turbines is largely understudied; to date, only 12 studies have been conducted in the U.S. Numerous information gaps remain and warrant investigation. Only one refereed journal article on bat mortality at turbines has been published.

34. BIRDS Birds occasionally collide with wind turbines, as they do with other tall structures such as buildings. Birds occasionally collide with wind turbines, as they do with other tall structures such as buildings. Avian deaths have become a concern at Altamont Pass in California, which is an area of extensive wind development and also high year-round raptor use. Avian deaths have become a concern at Altamont Pass in California, which is an area of extensive wind development and also high year-round raptor use. Detailed studies, and monitoring following construction, at other wind development areas indicate that this is a site-specific issue that will not be a problem at most potential wind sites. Detailed studies, and monitoring following construction, at other wind development areas indicate that this is a site-specific issue that will not be a problem at most potential wind sites. Wind's overall impact on birds is low compared with other human-related sources of avian mortality Wind's overall impact on birds is low compared with other human-related sources of avian mortality

36. Habitat Fragmentation Wind energy can also negatively impact birds and other wildlife by fragmenting habitat Wind energy can also negatively impact birds and other wildlife by fragmenting habitat Installation and operation of wind turbines themselves and through the roads and power lines that may be needed. Installation and operation of wind turbines themselves and through the roads and power lines that may be needed. This has been raised as an issue in areas with unbroken stretches of prairie grasslands or of forests. This has been raised as an issue in areas with unbroken stretches of prairie grasslands or of forests. More research is needed to better understand these impacts. More research is needed to better understand these impacts. Design and locate projects to minimize fragmentation Design and locate projects to minimize fragmentation

37. Environmental Benefits Generating power without air or water pollution Wind farms generate clean, renewable energy without the environmental or health risks of other energy sources, such as coal and oil. Reducing harmful fossil fuel emissions Power produced from wind has zero emissions. Wind power has the potential to produce three times the total electricity generated in the U.S. today, while emitting no pollutants into the environment Conserving valuable water resources Wind energy uses no water in energy production and emits no mercury, a leading cause of contamination of our rivers, lakes, and oceans from conventional electricity production. Preserving local lands Wind farms enable local property owners to maintain the current use of their land, such as farming, grazing, or logging, while creating a new source of clean energy. Reducing health risks By offsetting the need for fossil-fueled generation, wind energy helps decrease the harmful health impact on humans from particulates and pollutants in the atmosphere, urban smog, and toxic heavy metals found in fish.