1. PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH © LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION & KEITH MORRISON

2. STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER The search for truth Two conceptions of social reality Positivism The assumptions, nature and tools of science The scientific method Criticisms of positivism and the scientific method Naturalistic approaches Normative and interpretive paradigms Phenomenology, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism Criticisms of naturalistic and interpretive approaches Mixed methods research Post-positivism, post modernism and post-structuralism Complexity theory

3. PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH COMPLEXITY THEORY INTERPRETIVE MIXED METHODS POST-POSITIVIST POST- STRUCTURALIST POST-MODERNIST POSITIVIST

4. POSITIVISM (MACRO) NOMOTHETIC, LAWS OBJECTIVITY CAUSALITY NATURAL SCIENCE BASIS GENERALIZATION PREDICTION CONTROL, MANIPULATION QUANTIFICATION, LARGE SCALE

5. POSITIVIST DESIGN REVIEW PREVIOUS LITERATURE FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS DESIGN RESEARCH COLLECT DATA IDENTIFY TOPIC ANALYZE DATA REPORT FINDINGS LOOK FOR ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS START PROCESS AGAIN NO YES

6. POSITIVIST METHODS EXPERIMENTS SURVEYS TESTS

7. INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM (MICRO) NATURALISTIC SPECIFIC/NON- GENERALIZABLE SUBJECTIVITY, INTENTIONALITY UNDERSTANDING/ INTERPRETATION IDIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CONTEXT-BOUND AGENCY FLUIDITY, CHANGE MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES

8. INTERPRETIVE/ETHNOGRAPHIC LITERATURE REVIEW IDENTIFY TOPIC RESEARCH DESIGN DATA COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS ELABORATION OF CONCEPTS/THEORIES REPORT OF FINDINGS

9. NATURALISTIC METHODS ETHNOGRAPHY NARRATIVES, DOCUMENTS THICK DESCRIPTION OBSERVATION INTERVIEWS

10. NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT SURVEY, EXPERIMENT POSITIVIST APPROACHES ETHNOGRAPHY NATURALISTIC APPROACHES INTERVIEW OBSERVATION CASE STUDY ACTION RESEARCH

11. NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT SURVEY ACTION RESEARCH MIXED METHODS ETHNOGRAPHY EXPERIMENT INTERVIEW HISTORICAL & DOCUMENTARY OBSERVATION CASE STUDY META- ANALYSIS VIRTUAL WORLDS

12. MULTIPLE REALITIESINTERPRETIVE RELATIVIST POST-POSITIVISM, POST- STRUCTURALISM & POSTMODERNISM NO GRAND NARRATIVES CONTEXT & TEMPORALITY DIFFERENCE & DIVERSITY DISCOURSES PHENOMENOLOGY CONTRADICTORY DISCOURSES AGENCY & INDIVIDUALISM MULTIPLE MEANINGS

13. COMPLEXITY THEORY Complex adaptive systems Non-linear systems Open systems Relationships Emergence Connected- ness Order without control Distributed control Feedback/ communi- cation Self- organization Holism