1. Plant response to the environment

2. Plants food source medicines biofuels www.naai.moldova.md

3. Unique Mechanisms Grow indeterminately Endure climate Obtain nutrients locally Defend self without running away

4. Plant response to the environment Environmental trigger: light, gravity, touch response: movement Environmental trigger: herbivores response: communication

5. Darwin The Power of Movement in Plants (1881) http://javalab.cs.uni-bonn.de/research/darwin/images/darwin.jpg

6. Why do plants need to move? gather nutrients optimize light exposure Movement responses

7. Light courtesy: Roger Hangarter, Plants in Motion http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/starthere.html

9. Plant cells have an array of light receptors phy sun plant cell movement towards light germination

10. Some plants require light to germinate dark light, then dark

11. germination!

12. Red light = ON Far Red light = OFF phy pR form pFR form

13. Some plants require light to germinate phy inactivephy activephy inactive

14. Sunlight contains both r and fr light R absorbed low R:FR ratio high R:FR ratio

15. Gravity courtesy: Roger Hangarter, Plants in Motion http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/starthere.html

16. Starch grains detect vector of gravity Blancaflor and Masson (2003) Plant Physiology 133:1677 Kiss (2006) PNAS 103:829 Shoots

17. Growth occurs on ‘bottom’ side shoots

18. Touch touched not touched

19. Touch courtesy: Roger Hangarter, Plants in Motion FIRE http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/starthere.html

20. Touch courtesy: Roger Hangarter, Plants in Motion http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/starthere.html

21. Changes in cell size close or open leaves

22. Interactions Light, gravity and touch Wind G

23. Light, gravity and touch Light perceived by light receptors blue light - movement towards light red/far red (phytochromes) - germination Gravity perceived by falling starch grains cells growth on one side bends shoot up Touch electrochemical gradient (like nerves in animals) changes cell size closes/opens leaves

24. Communication www.panoptikum.net Plants know when they are being chewed on!

25. Insect saliva lets plant know which insect is attacking

26. Alerts others

27. http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_parawasps/images/Parasi3.jpg Calls reinforcements “The enemy of my enemy is a friend of mine!”

28. Summary Movement responses triggers: light, gravity, touch changes in cell length or cell size Communication responses triggers: herbivores release of volatile chemicals (Jasmonic acid)