1. Week Six

2.  A.) Blew from West to East and then South  B.) But blocked at the Zambezi River

3.  A.) Virtually all  B.) Something to lose  C.) Many came from Portugal

4.  A.) Authoritarian ruler in the metropole: Antonio de Oliveira Salazar  B.) Portugal needed resources  C.) African political movements were CRUSHED; moved quickly to armed resistance

6.  D.)Mozambique  FRELIMO: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique  In Angola, three different armed movements: ▪ FNLA: Frente de Liberta ç ao de Angola, Holden Roberto ▪ North, Congolese ▪ MPLA: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ▪ Central, Kimbunda & “mestizos”, Marxist ▪ UNITA: Union for Total Independence of Angola, Joseph Savimbi ▪ Highlands & East, Ovimbundu

7.  E.) Coup in Portugal, 1974 – end the empire  In Mozambique, smooth transition to FRELIMO and Samora Machel  In Angola, not so smooth – big struggle ▪ MPLA finally ended up on top

8.  F.) Conflict continued  South Africa intervention in 1975  Backed RENAMO or MNR: Mozambique National Resistance  Another decade of war (1980’s)  Negotiated peace in 1990

9.  G.) Conflict continued in Angola  25 years of war after independence in 1975  Jonas Savimbi, UNITA Current President  Killed in 2002 Jose Eduardo dos Santos

10.  A.) Central African Federation, 1953-63  Economic union of S. Rhodesia, N. Rhodesia & Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, & Malawi)  Buffer zone of moderated white supremacy  B.) Didn’t work  C.) White Rhodesia declares independence from Britain, Nov. 11, 1965  UN sanctions

11.  D.)Banned African nationalist parties:  ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union),Mugabe  ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union), Nkomo Robert Mugabe Ian Douglas Smith

12. 1.) At first, Smith did well 2. ) Gorilla movement developed, early ‘70’s ▪ Second Chimurenga ▪ Led by Mugabe, bases in Mozambique E.) The war deepened 1.) 30,000 dead, a million refugees 2.) Ian Smith negotiated elections 3.) Mugabe won, assumed leadership, Ap. 1980

13. Administered by South Africa after WWII A.) Low level resistance intensified when the Angola struggle spilled over the boarders, South Africa involved B.) UN calls for elections in 1980 to remove South Africa 1.) profound shift in South Africa 2.) regional intertwining is common in de- colonization

14.  But scars are deep, painful, and on-going